1 - virtualenv
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv/
https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv
在实际开发测试中,每个应用很可能需要不同的Python开发和运行环境、引用不同的依赖、设置不同的权限。
随着应用的增多,不同应用间必然会产生依赖冲突、Python版本冲突以及间接权限问题。
利用virtualenv工具可以针对每个应用创建一套“隔离的、纯净的”Python开发和运行环境,能够独立地使用Python环境和管理库,从而很好地解决以上问题。
创建并激活一个virtualenv环境时,virtualenv会修改相关环境变量,让命令python和pip均指向当前的virtualenv环境。
创建虚拟环境的过程,实际上是将系统Python环境复制成为一个拥有独立安装目录的虚拟Python环境,这个环境不影响系统Python环境,也不影响其他虚拟环境。
2 - 安装使用virtualenv
当前环境描述:Window7-x64系统同时安装了Python2.7和Python3.6,并且将Python2.7作为主环境,两个版本各自都已安装很多第三方库。
Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]
Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
C:Usersguowli>py -2 -V
Python 2.7.12
C:Usersguowli>py -3 -V
Python 3.6.0
C:Usersguowli>python -V
Python 2.7.12
C:Usersguowli>
2.1 - 安装virtualenv
1- pip安装
C:Usersguowli>pip install virtualenv --proxy="10.144.1.10:8080"
Collecting virtualenv
Using cached virtualenv-15.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: virtualenv
Successfully installed virtualenv-15.1.0
C:Usersguowli>pip show virtualenv
Name: virtualenv
Version: 15.1.0
Summary: Virtual Python Environment builder
Home-page: https://virtualenv.pypa.io/
Author: Jannis Leidel, Carl Meyer and Brian Rosner
Author-email: python-virtualenv@groups.google.com
License: MIT
Location: c:python27libsite-packages
Requires:
C:Usersguowli>
注意:在Python3的环境中使用“pip3 install virtualenv --proxy="10.144.1.10:8080"命令安装和使用“pip3 show virtualenv”命令查看包信息。
2- 源码安装
- 下载并解压virtualenv源码压缩包(https://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv/),例如:virtualenv-15.1.0.tar.gz。
- 在解压目录(例如:virtualenv-15.1.0)下的命令行界面,执行安装命令:
python setup.py install
。
2.2 - 创建虚拟环境
注意:
- 创建虚拟环境可能需要几分钟,请耐心等待。
- 参数“-p”:指定虚拟环境的Python解释器版本;需使用绝对路径。
- 参数“--no-site-packages”:创建“纯净”的Python运行环境(已安装的第三方包不复制到虚拟环境)。
- 参数“--system-site-packages”: 当前系统Python环境的所有库也会安装在虚拟环境。
- 创建虚拟环境成功后,会生成对应名称的目录文件。系统类型不同,目录文件也略有区别。
- 创建的虚拟环境不能跨平台使用。
示例: 创建名称为VenPy3、解释器为Python3.6、纯净的(没有任何第三方包)虚拟环境。
D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPython>virtualenv -p c:Python36python.exe --no-site-packages VenvPy3
Running virtualenv with interpreter c:Python36python.exe
Using base prefix 'c:\Python36'
New python executable in D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPythonVenvPy3Scriptspython.exe
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...done.
D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPython>dir
Volume in drive D is DATA
Volume Serial Number is 3479-3F1E
Directory of D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPython
2017/12/05 16:37 <DIR> .
2017/12/05 16:37 <DIR> ..
2017/12/05 16:37 <DIR> VenvPy3
0 File(s) 0 bytes
3 Dir(s) 76,200,370,176 bytes free
D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPython>source
'source' is not recognized as an internal or external command,
operable program or batch file.
D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPython>dir VenvPy3
Volume in drive D is DATA
Volume Serial Number is 3479-3F1E
Directory of D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPythonVenvPy3
2017/12/05 16:37 <DIR> .
2017/12/05 16:37 <DIR> ..
2017/02/13 10:59 <DIR> Include
2017/12/05 16:37 <DIR> Lib
2017/12/05 16:43 <DIR> Scripts
2017/12/05 16:37 <DIR> tcl
0 File(s) 0 bytes
6 Dir(s) 76,200,370,176 bytes free
D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPython>
目录解释
- lib:所有python库的安装位置为“lib/pythonx.x/site-packages/”目录;inux系统对应为“bin”目录。
- bin:bin/python是在当前环境使用的python解释器
2.3 - 激活虚拟环境
虚拟环境Script目录下的activate脚本用来激活当前虚拟环境,可直接执行deactivate关闭(去激活)当前虚拟环境。
注意:激活后,
- 在虚拟环境下,用pip安装的包都被安装到这个环境,系统Python环境不受任何影响。
- 命令行提示符前,将显示生效的虚拟环境名称。
- 虚拟环境作用于当前终端的所有目录;关闭当前终端,虚拟环境也同时关闭。
- deactivate命令可以在任意目录直接执行。
D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPythonVenvPy3Scripts>dir
Volume in drive D is DATA
Volume Serial Number is 3479-3F1E
Directory of D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPythonVenvPy3Scripts
2017/12/05 16:43 <DIR> .
2017/12/05 16:43 <DIR> ..
2017/12/05 16:43 2,223 activate
2017/12/05 16:43 783 activate.bat
2017/12/05 16:43 8,325 activate.ps1
2017/12/05 16:43 1,137 activate_this.py
2017/12/05 16:43 508 deactivate.bat
2017/12/05 16:42 98,194 easy_install-3.6.exe
2017/12/05 16:42 98,194 easy_install.exe
2017/12/05 16:42 98,166 pip.exe
2017/12/05 16:42 98,166 pip3.6.exe
2017/12/05 16:42 98,166 pip3.exe
2017/12/05 16:37 100,504 python.exe
2017/12/05 16:37 3,555,992 python36.dll
2017/12/05 16:37 98,968 pythonw.exe
2017/12/05 16:42 98,173 wheel.exe
14 File(s) 4,357,499 bytes
2 Dir(s) 76,200,140,800 bytes free
D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPythonVenvPy3Scripts>activate
(VenvPy3) D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPythonVenvPy3Scripts>python -V
Python 3.6.0
(VenvPy3) D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPythonVenvPy3Scripts>cd ../../../
(VenvPy3) D:Anliven-Running>pip list
DEPRECATION: The default format will switch to columns in the future. You can use --format=(legacy|columns) (or define a
format=(legacy|columns) in your pip.conf under the [list] section) to disable this warning.
pip (9.0.1)
setuptools (28.8.0)
wheel (0.29.0)
(VenvPy3) D:Anliven-Running>deactivate
D:Anliven-Running>python -V
Python 2.7.12
D:Anliven-Running>
注意:Linux系统下,激活命令类似于“source ./bin/activate”
2.4 - 在虚拟环境中安装依赖
使用pip命令安装依赖,操作与系统Python环境相同。
依赖会安装到“lib/pythonx.x/site-packages/”目录;Linux系统对应为“bin”目录下。
可以使用-r requirements.txt批量安装依赖
pip freeze #显示所有已安装的依赖
pip freeze > requirement.txt #生成包含所有已安装的依赖信息的requirement.txt文件
pip install -r requirement.txt #批量安装依赖
2.5 - 删除虚拟环境
直接删除虚拟环境目录和文件。
3 - virtualenv帮助信息
D:Anliven-Runningen>virtualenv -h
Usage: virtualenv [OPTIONS] DEST_DIR
Options:
--version show program's version number and exit
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v, --verbose Increase verbosity.
-q, --quiet Decrease verbosity.
-p PYTHON_EXE, --python=PYTHON_EXE
The Python interpreter to use, e.g.,
--python=python2.5 will use the python2.5 interpreter
to create the new environment. The default is the
interpreter that virtualenv was installed with
(c:python27python.exe)
--clear Clear out the non-root install and start from scratch.
--no-site-packages DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility.
Not having access to global site-packages is now the
default behavior.
--system-site-packages
Give the virtual environment access to the global
site-packages.
--always-copy Always copy files rather than symlinking.
--unzip-setuptools Unzip Setuptools when installing it.
--relocatable Make an EXISTING virtualenv environment relocatable.
This fixes up scripts and makes all .pth files
relative.
--no-setuptools Do not install setuptools in the new virtualenv.
--no-pip Do not install pip in the new virtualenv.
--no-wheel Do not install wheel in the new virtualenv.
--extra-search-dir=DIR
Directory to look for setuptools/pip distributions in.
This option can be used multiple times.
--download Download preinstalled packages from PyPI.
--no-download, --never-download
Do not download preinstalled packages from PyPI.
--prompt=PROMPT Provides an alternative prompt prefix for this
environment.
--setuptools DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility.
This option has no effect.
--distribute DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility.
This option has no effect.
D:Anliven-Runningen>
4 - 安装使用virtualenvwrapper-win
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenvwrapper
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenvwrapper-win
virtualenvwrapper是virtualenv的一层封装,提供了一些便利命令行,适用于Linxu系统。
virtualenvwrapper-win适用于Windows系统。
可以直接安装virtualenvwrapper-win,同时virtualenv作为依赖也将被安装。
4.1-安装virtualenvwrapper-win
D:Anliven-Runningen>pip install virtualenvwrapper-win --proxy="10.144.1.10:8080"
Collecting virtualenvwrapper-win
Downloading virtualenvwrapper_win-1.2.4-py2-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: virtualenv in c:python27libsite-packages (from virtualenvwrapper-win)
Installing collected packages: virtualenvwrapper-win
Successfully installed virtualenvwrapper-win-1.2.4
D:Anliven-Runningen>
D:Anliven-Runningen>pip show virtualenvwrapper-win
Name: virtualenvwrapper-win
Version: 1.2.4
Summary: Port of Doug Hellmann's virtualenvwrapper to Windows batch scripts
Home-page: https://github.com/davidmarble/virtualenvwrapper-win/
Author: David Marble
Author-email: davidmarble@gmail.com
License: BSD 3-clause
Location: c:python27libsite-packages
Requires: virtualenv
D:Anliven-Runningen>
4.2-设置环境变量
virtualenvwrapper-win默认虚拟环境目录指向用户文件夹的Envs目录,需要改为实际的虚拟环境保存目录。
D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPython>lsvirtualenv
dir /b /ad "C:UsersguowliEnvs"
==============================================================================
File Not Found
D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPython>
控制面板--->系统--->属性--->高级系统设置--->环境变量。新建系统变量并保存,虚拟环境的保存路径WORKON_HOME,重启终端。
C:Usersguowli>lsvirtualenv
dir /b /ad "D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPython"
==============================================================================
testPy3.6
VenvPy3
C:Usersguowli>
4.3-常用命令及示例
Main Commands : https://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenvwrapper-win
lsvirtualenv # 列出WORKON_HOME目录下已有的虚拟环境
mkvirtualenv <name> # 创建虚拟环境
rmvirtualenv <name> # 删除虚拟环境
workon <name> # 激活虚拟环境,在不同的虚拟环境间切换
deactivate # 关闭(去激活)虚拟环境
mkvirtualenv帮助信息:
C:Usersguowli>mkvirtualenv --help
Usage: mkvirtualenv [mkvirtualenv-options] [virtualenv-options] DEST_DIR
DEST_DIR The name of the envirnment to create (must be last).
The new environment is automatically activated after being
initialized.
mkvirtualenv options:
-a project_path Associate existing path as project directory
-i package Install package in new environment. This option
can be repeated to install more than one package.
-r requirements_file requirements_file is passed to
pip install -r requirements_file
NOTE: all mkvirtualenv-options must come before virtualenv-options!
示例:
C:Usersguowli>mkvirtualenv -p c:Python27python.exe --no-site-packages testPy2.7
Running virtualenv with interpreter c:Python27python.exe
New python executable in D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPython estPy2.7Scriptspython.exe
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...done.
(testPy2.7) C:Usersguowli>pip list
DEPRECATION: The default format will switch to columns in the future. You can use --format=(legacy|columns) (or define a
format=(legacy|columns) in your pip.conf under the [list] section) to disable this warning.
pip (9.0.1)
setuptools (28.8.0)
wheel (0.29.0)
(testPy2.7) C:Usersguowli>deactivate
C:Usersguowli>
C:Usersguowli>lsvirtualenv
dir /b /ad "D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPython"
==============================================================================
testPy2.7
testPy3.6
VenvPy3
C:Usersguowli>
C:Usersguowli>rmvirtualenv VenvPy3
Deleted D:Anliven-RunningenTestEnvPythonVenvPy3
C:Usersguowli>
C:Usersguowli>workon testPy2.7
(testPy2.7) C:Usersguowli>
(testPy2.7) C:Usersguowli>workon testPy3.6
(testPy3.6) C:Usersguowli>
(testPy3.6) C:Usersguowli>deactivate
C:Usersguowli>
5 - 在PyCharm中使用virtualenv(推荐)
PyCharm本身已集成virtualenv工具,无需手工安装,可以创建并为项目设置指定的虚拟环境。
PyCharm文档:https://www.jetbrains.com/help/pycharm/configuring-python-interpreter.html#configuring-venv
创建方式一:新建项目时创建虚拟环境
File--》New Project--》Pure Python--》点击Interpreter参数栏右侧齿轮图标并选择“Create VirtualEnv”--》根据选择填写Name、Location和Base interpreter。
创建方式二:在当前项目创建虚拟环境
File--》Settings--》Project:xxx--》Project Interpreter,点击参数栏右侧齿轮图标并选择“Create VirtualEnv”--》根据选择填写Name、Location和Base interpreter。
勾选“Make available to all projects”参数,可以使虚拟环境都所有项目都起作用。
勾选“Inherit global site-packages”参数,将继承当前系统Python环境的所有库。
6 - 其他
Linux下安装使用virtualenv和virtualenvwrapper的方法与Windows基本一致,只是在环境变量设置和激活虚拟环境命令上有细微差别。