requests 进阶用法学习（文件上传、cookies设置、代理设置）

一、文件上传

　　1、模拟网站提交文件

 提交此图片，图片名称：timg.jpg

import requests

files={
    'file':open('timg.jpg','rb')
}
response=requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',files=files)
print(response.text)

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {
    "file": "data:application/octet-stream;base64..."
 }, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "27595", 
    "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=bfa4e305bf1a07aeff0b161b6b6acd98", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.20.1"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "119.123.198.80", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

二、cookies  （requests获取和设置cookies只需要一步）

　　1、什么是cookie

　　使用r.cookies获取cookie(key,value)　

import requests

r=requests.get("http://www.hao123.com")
print(r.cookies)

for key,value in r.cookies.items():
    print(key+'='+value)

　　结果显示cookies

<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BAIDUID=D08FC3C77CD769084E0F74D7A4B1415D:FG=1 for .hao123.com/>, <Cookie hz=0 for .www.hao123.com/>, <Cookie ft=1 for www.hao123.com/>, <Cookie v_pg=normal for www.hao123.com/>]>
BAIDUID=D08FC3C77CD769084E0F74D7A4B1415D:FG=1
hz=0
ft=1
v_pg=normal

　　2、cookie的作用:维持登录状态

 　　　　如何使用cookie:在header中包含登录信息的cookies即可维持回话登录.

import requests

headers={
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.110 Safari/537.36',
 'cookie':'_zap=90f75832-31eb-4d2d-b35f-9ccaf9fb751d; d_c0="ABDix0gVng6PTouChpyAoAQ3G7to4zgcmSA=|1543906948"; capsion_ticket="2|1:0|10:1543906948|14:capsion_ticket|44:YjVkZTgwZGJhMDkxNDk1Nzk0ZWQzY2QxNmY3Y2I4ZTA=|5eb3fc941322cc1a46641b7a01cf3e1d4bd2af3e957c9034e11bf5ce866beef4"; q_c1=cf87a31041fd439286ff979925591375|1543906958000|1543906958000; r_cap_id="Y2Y5ODA2MzcwNjc2NGY2NTg3YzBmMjY0ODgzNzVjZTY=|1543906958|90e763acce4047123b3af3f2704353c655212d04"; cap_id="YjY2MmE1ZDZkNWRmNDY3NWI0ZTE0NDM5OWQ4ZGIyN2Y=|1543906958|cfd125126f4cb0595540b10a1345fe83ed78b54c"; l_cap_id="YzhkZmY1ZGE4MTI5NGFkY2I2OWEyNzEzYmUzYzc1NTk=|1543906958|cfb980d103d69a8a16e49fbc84d6c9eb9f259656"; z_c0="2|1:0|10:1543907047|4:z_c0|92:Mi4xdVdsa0RRQUFBQUFBRU9MSFNCV2VEaVlBQUFCZ0FsVk41M1R6WEFEcGZiR3REaExaUzU2QVI1RUs1cjFHSWhlTGRn|8cffbfc2e83f1bbf0b257fe911a35f32e1411981c36631e680d48b52cbb4acdf"; __gads=ID=ca4c27d035179b38:T=1543907482:S=ALNI_MaXKoFRpK-yi_viwOXIAxef01d82A; tst=h; _xsrf=90cd6bdbf65ff7b9f06741d408360edf; _xsrf=nMfSyfddjAeWdq5Fjx3UFFJClFbYdPO4; __utma=155987696.97682671.1543926682.1543926682.1543926682.1; __utmz=155987696.1543926682.1.1.utmcsr=(direct)|utmccn=(direct)|utmcmd=(none); OUTFOX_SEARCH_USER_ID_NCOO=1988278338.5008798; tgw_l7_route=29b95235203ffc15742abb84032d7e75'
}
response=requests.get('http://www.zhihu.com',headers=headers)

print(response.status_code)
#请用自己的cookie

　　

三、会话维持session

　　　什么叫做会话维持：登陆成功后，在使用request希望能访问之后的页面，不需要重新输入账户密码的方式叫做会话维持。

requests请求多个网页相当于启动了多个浏览器，这样就要多次设计cookies

#Session回话维持
import requests
s=requests.Session()
r1=s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
r2=s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(r1.text)
print(r2.text)

{
  "cookies": {
    "number": "123456789"
  }
}

{
  "cookies": {
    "number": "123456789"
  }
}

不适用Session回话维持,两次访问的结果如下

import requests
s=requests
r1=s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
r2=s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(r1.text)
print(r2.text)

{
  "cookies": {
    "number": "123456789"
  }
}

{
  "cookies": {}
}

 　　利用 Session ，可以做到模拟同一个会话而不用担心 Cookies 的问题。 它通常用于模拟登录
成功之后再进行下一步的操作 。

　　

四、SSL证书验证　

impo:r:t requests
于ram requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3 .disable_warnings()
response = requests.get （’ https ： ／／州 .12306 . cn ’， verify= False)

五、代理设置proxies

（1）代理格式1：

proxies={
    'http':'http://10.10.1.10:3128',
    'https':'http://10.10.1.10:1080'
}
res=requests.get('http://www.taobao.com',proxies=proxies)

（2）代理格式2：代理需要使用 HTTP Basic Auth ，可以使用类似 http://user:password@host:port 这样的语法来设置代理 。

proxies = {
"http””http://user:password@10.10.1 .10:3128/”,
}
requests . get （咱ttps : I lwww. taobao. com”, proxies=proxies)

六、超时设置（timeout=）

　　超时一秒就开始报超时

res=requests.get('http://www.taobao.com',timeout=1)

七、身份认证

　　1、格式一：

import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
r=requests.get('http://ww.baidu.com',auth=HTTPBasicAuth('username','password'))

　　2、格式二

import requests
r=requests.get('http://ww.baidu.com',auth=('username','password'))

八、构造请求结构--Prepared Request

from requests import Request,Session

url='http://httpbin.org/post'

data={
    'name':'big pig'
}
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.110 Safari/537.36'
}
s=Session()
#构造请求体
req=Request('POST',url,data=data,headers=headers)
prepped=s.prepare_request(req)
r=s.send(prepped)
print(r.text)

　　这里我们引入了Request,然后用url、data和headers参数构造了一个Requestd对象，这时需要再调用Session的prepare_request( )方法将其转换为Prepare Request对象，然后调用send 方法发送，其运行结果：

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {
    "name": "big pig"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "12", 
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.110 Safari/537.36"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "117.136.79.133", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}