为什么会使用备份的控制文件? 实际工作中主要有两种情况：
第一种：当前控制文件全部损坏，而数据文件备份，控制文件备份及当前日志处于不同SCN版本，它们之间又增加过表空间（数据文件）。
第二种：当前控制文件没有损坏，但想要恢复被删除的表空间。
实验1： 有所有数据文件备份（老）------(新建表空间andy)-----备份控制文件（次新）------日志文件（新）
环境：当前控制文件损坏，数据文件损坏，有全备但之后增加了表空间，并备份了配套的控制文件，利用备份控制文件备份。
分析：新建表空间数据文件损坏, 全备里没有该数据文件的备份及控制文件描述，当前控制文件又丢失，只能用备份的控制文件恢复。
1）准备环境
--生成要备份的数据文件的命令
SQL> select 'ho cp ' || name || ' /home/oracle/coldbak' from v$datafile;
'HOCP'||NAME||'/HOME/ORACLE/COLDBAK'
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak
ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak
ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak
ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak
ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/tbtb01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak
ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/ogg01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak
6 rows selected.
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl /home/oracle/coldbak
ho cp /home/oracle/app/flash_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl /home/oracle/coldbak
SQL> ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak
ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak
ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak
ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak
ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/tbtb01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak
ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/ogg01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak
SQL> startup;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1068937216 bytes
Fixed Size 2220200 bytes
Variable Size 729812824 bytes
Database Buffers 331350016 bytes
Redo Buffers 5554176 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> select * from v$tablespace;
TS# NAME INC BIG FLA ENC
---------- ------------------------------ --- --- --- ---
0 SYSTEM YES NO YES
1 SYSAUX YES NO YES
2 UNDOTBS1 YES NO YES
4 USERS YES NO YES
3 TEMP NO NO YES
6 LZY YES NO YES
7 GOLDGATE YES NO YES
7 rows selected.
SQL> create tablespace andy datafile '/home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/andy01.dbf' size 1m;
Tablespace created.
SQL> select * from andy.andy;
select * from andy.andy
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
SQL> create table andy.andy(id int) tablespace andy;
Table created.
SQL> insert into andy.andy values (1) ;
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from andy.andy;
ID
----------
1
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
-- 备份控制文件
SQL> alter database backup controlfile to '/home/oracle/coldbak/ctl01.bak';
Database altered.
2）模拟andy01.dbf损坏
SQL> ho rm -rf /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/andy01.dbf
SQL> alter system flush buffer_cache;
System altered.
SQL> select * from andy;
select * from andy
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01116: error in opening database file 7
ORA-01110: data file 7: '/home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/andy01.dbf'
ORA-27041: unable to open file
Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory
Additional information: 3
3)关闭数据库
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
4)恢复所有数据文件备份，准备做不完全恢复
[oracle@11g orcl]$ rm -rf *.dbf
[oracle@11g orcl]rm -rf /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
[oracle@11g orcl]$ rm -rf /home/oracle/app/flash_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl
[oracle@11g coldbak]$ cp ctl01.bak /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
[oracle@11g coldbak]$ cp ctl01.bak /home/oracle/app/flash_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl
[oracle@11g coldbak]$ cp *.dbf /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/
SQL> alter database create datafile '/home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/andy01.dbf';
Database altered.
SQL> startup;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1068937216 bytes
Fixed Size 2220200 bytes
Variable Size 729812824 bytes
Database Buffers 331350016 bytes
Redo Buffers 5554176 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01589: must use RESETLOGS or NORESETLOGS option for database open
SQL> col name for a50;
SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change#,name from v$datafile;
FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE# NAME
---------- ------------------ --------------------------------------------------
1 2036303 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf
2 2036303 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf
3 2036303 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf
4 2036303 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
5 2036303 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/tbtb01.dbf
6 2036303 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/ogg01.dbf
7 2036424 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/andy01.dbf
7 rows selected.
SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile_header;
FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
---------- ------------------
1 2035583
2 2035583
3 2035583
4 2035583
5 2035583
6 2035583
7 0
7 rows selected.
说明：
a）file7 在控制文件里记录是andy01.dbf,而与之对应的数据文件3是不存在的
b）备份的数据备份的scn比控制文件scn的还老。
5)使用备份控制文件恢复
SQL> recover database using backup controlfile;
ORA-00283: recovery session canceled due to errors
ORA-01110: data file 7: '/home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/andy01.dbf'
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 7 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 7: '/home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/andy01.dbf'
说明：
此错是因为老备份里没有andy表空间，但只要控制文件里记录了andy就好办，方法是建一个datafile的空文件，而其中内容可由日志文件recover(前滚)时填补出来。
SQL> alter database create datafile '/home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/andy01.dbf';
Database altered.
--再次使用备份控制文件恢复
SQL> recover database using backup controlfile;
ORA-00279: change 2035583 generated at 12/12/2014 04:53:45 needed for thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion : /home/oracle/archivelog/1_1_866090437.dbf
ORA-00280: change 2035583 for thread 1 is in sequence #1
Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}
auto
ORA-00279: change 2036542 generated at 12/12/2014 05:11:01 needed for thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion : /home/oracle/archivelog/1_2_866090437.dbf
ORA-00280: change 2036542 for thread 1 is in sequence #2
ORA-00278: log file '/home/oracle/archivelog/1_1_866090437.dbf' no longer
needed for this recovery
ORA-00308: cannot open archived log '/home/oracle/archivelog/1_2_866090437.dbf'
ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory
Additional information: 3
说明：
//archive日志前滚结束了，但当前日志里还有信息需要恢复
//注意: 对于这个例子来说，一定要看清提示：如果提示的不是归档的日志（是当前日志），则要直接要输入filename 不能输入auto，否则open时会失败。
--再次做恢复
SQL> recover database using backup controlfile;
ORA-00279: change 2036542 generated at 12/12/2014 05:11:01 needed for thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion : /home/oracle/archivelog/1_2_866090437.dbf
ORA-00280: change 2036542 for thread 1 is in sequence #2
Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}
/home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/redo02.log ## 把current日志给它
Log applied.
Media recovery complete.
6）resetlogs打开数据库
SQL> alter database open resetlogs;
Database altered.
7） 验证
SQL> select * from andy.andy;
ID
----------
1
OK，结束。 转载请标明出处。