• scrapy与redis分布式组件


    Scrapy 和 scrapy-redis的区别

    Scrapy 是一个通用的爬虫框架,但是不支持分布式,Scrapy-redis是为了更方便地实现Scrapy分布式爬取,而提供了一些以redis为基础的组件(仅有组件)。

    pip install scrapy-redis

    Scrapy-redis提供了下面四种组件(components):(四种组件意味着这四个模块都要做相应的修改)

    • Scheduler
      Duplication Filter
      Item Pipeline
      Base Spider

    scrapy-redis架构

    如上图所⽰示,scrapy-redis在scrapy的架构上增加了redis,基于redis的特性拓展了如下组件:

    Scheduler

    Scrapy改造了python本来的collection.deque(双向队列)形成了自己的Scrapy queue(https://github.com/scrapy/queuelib/blob/master/queuelib/queue.py)),但是Scrapy多个spider不能共享待爬取队列Scrapy queue, 即Scrapy本身不支持爬虫分布式,scrapy-redis 的解决是把这个Scrapy queue换成redis数据库(也是指redis队列),从同一个redis-server存放要爬取的request,便能让多个spider去同一个数据库里读取。

    Scrapy中跟“待爬队列”直接相关的就是调度器Scheduler,它负责对新的request进行入列操作(加入Scrapy queue),取出下一个要爬取的request(从Scrapy queue中取出)等操作。它把待爬队列按照优先级建立了一个字典结构,比如:

       {
            优先级0 : 队列0
            优先级1 : 队列1
            优先级2 : 队列2
        }

    然后根据request中的优先级,来决定该入哪个队列,出列时则按优先级较小的优先出列。为了管理这个比较高级的队列字典,Scheduler需要提供一系列的方法。但是原来的Scheduler已经无法使用,所以使用Scrapy-redis的scheduler组件。

    Duplication Filter

    Scrapy中用集合实现这个request去重功能,Scrapy中把已经发送的request指纹放入到一个集合中,把下一个request的指纹拿到集合中比对,如果该指纹存在于集合中,说明这个request发送过了,如果没有则继续操作。这个核心的判重功能是这样实现的:

        def request_seen(self, request):
            # self.request_figerprints就是一个指纹集合  
            fp = self.request_fingerprint(request)
    
            # 这就是判重的核心操作  
            if fp in self.fingerprints:
                return True
            self.fingerprints.add(fp)
            if self.file:
                self.file.write(fp + os.linesep)

    在scrapy-redis中去重是由Duplication Filter组件来实现的,它通过redis的set 不重复的特性,巧妙的实现了Duplication Filter去重。scrapy-redis调度器从引擎接受request,将request的指纹存⼊redis的set检查是否重复,并将不重复的request push写⼊redis的 request queue。

    引擎请求request(Spider发出的)时,调度器从redis的request queue队列⾥里根据优先级pop 出⼀个request 返回给引擎,引擎将此request发给spider处理。

    Item Pipeline

    引擎将(Spider返回的)爬取到的Item给Item Pipeline,scrapy-redis 的Item Pipeline将爬取到的 Item 存⼊redis的 items queue。

    修改过Item Pipeline可以很方便的根据 key 从 items queue 提取item,从⽽实现 items processes集群。

    Base Spider

    不在使用scrapy原有的Spider类,重写的RedisSpider继承了Spider和RedisMixin这两个类,RedisMixin是用来从redis读取url的类。

    当我们生成一个Spider继承RedisSpider时,调用setup_redis函数,这个函数会去连接redis数据库,然后会设置signals(信号):

    • 一个是当spider空闲时候的signal,会调用spider_idle函数,这个函数调用schedule_next_request函数,保证spider是一直活着的状态,并且抛出DontCloseSpider异常。

    • 一个是当抓到一个item时的signal,会调用item_scraped函数,这个函数会调用schedule_next_request函数,获取下一个request。

    官方站点:https://github.com/rolando/scrapy-redis

    scrapy-redis的官方文档写的比较简洁,没有提及其运行原理,所以如果想全面的理解分布式爬虫的运行原理,还是得看scrapy-redis的源代码才行。

    scrapy-redis工程的主体还是是redis和scrapy两个库,工程本身实现的东西不是很多,这个工程就像胶水一样,把这两个插件粘结了起来。下面我们来看看,scrapy-redis的每一个源代码文件都实现了什么功能,最后如何实现分布式的爬虫系统:

    1. connection.py

    负责根据setting中配置实例化redis连接。被dupefilter和scheduler调用,总之涉及到redis存取的都要使用到这个模块。

    
    
    # 这里引入了redis模块,这个是redis-python库的接口,用于通过python访问redis数据库,
    # 这个文件主要是实现连接redis数据库的功能,这些连接接口在其他文件中经常被用到

    import
    redis import six from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object DEFAULT_REDIS_CLS = redis.StrictRedis # 可以在settings文件中配置套接字的超时时间、等待时间等 # Sane connection defaults. DEFAULT_PARAMS = { 'socket_timeout': 30, 'socket_connect_timeout': 30, 'retry_on_timeout': True, } # 要想连接到redis数据库,和其他数据库差不多,需要一个ip地址、端口号、用户名密码(可选)和一个整形的数据库编号 # Shortcut maps 'setting name' -> 'parmater name'. SETTINGS_PARAMS_MAP = { 'REDIS_URL': 'url', 'REDIS_HOST': 'host', 'REDIS_PORT': 'port', } def get_redis_from_settings(settings): """Returns a redis client instance from given Scrapy settings object. This function uses ``get_client`` to instantiate the client and uses ``DEFAULT_PARAMS`` global as defaults values for the parameters. You can override them using the ``REDIS_PARAMS`` setting. Parameters ---------- settings : Settings A scrapy settings object. See the supported settings below. Returns ------- server Redis client instance. Other Parameters ---------------- REDIS_URL : str, optional Server connection URL. REDIS_HOST : str, optional Server host. REDIS_PORT : str, optional Server port. REDIS_PARAMS : dict, optional Additional client parameters. """ params = DEFAULT_PARAMS.copy() params.update(settings.getdict('REDIS_PARAMS')) # XXX: Deprecate REDIS_* settings. for source, dest in SETTINGS_PARAMS_MAP.items(): val = settings.get(source) if val: params[dest] = val # Allow ``redis_cls`` to be a path to a class. if isinstance(params.get('redis_cls'), six.string_types): params['redis_cls'] = load_object(params['redis_cls']) # 返回的是redis库的Redis对象,可以直接用来进行数据操作的对象 return get_redis(**params) # Backwards compatible alias. from_settings = get_redis_from_settings def get_redis(**kwargs): """Returns a redis client instance. Parameters ---------- redis_cls : class, optional Defaults to ``redis.StrictRedis``. url : str, optional If given, ``redis_cls.from_url`` is used to instantiate the class. **kwargs Extra parameters to be passed to the ``redis_cls`` class. Returns ------- server Redis client instance. """ redis_cls = kwargs.pop('redis_cls', DEFAULT_REDIS_CLS) url = kwargs.pop('url', None) if url: return redis_cls.from_url(url, **kwargs) else: return redis_cls(**kwargs)
     

    dupefilter.py

    负责执行requst的去重,实现的很有技巧性,使用redis的set数据结构。但是注意scheduler并不使用其中用于在这个模块中实现的dupefilter键做request的调度,而是使用queue.py模块中实现的queue。

    当request不重复时,将其存入到queue中,调度时将其弹出。

    import logging
    import time
    
    from scrapy.dupefilters import BaseDupeFilter
    from scrapy.utils.request import request_fingerprint
    
    from .connection import get_redis_from_settings
    
    
    DEFAULT_DUPEFILTER_KEY = "dupefilter:%(timestamp)s"
    
    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
    
    
    # TODO: Rename class to RedisDupeFilter.
    class RFPDupeFilter(BaseDupeFilter):
        """Redis-based request duplicates filter.
        This class can also be used with default Scrapy's scheduler.
        """
    
        logger = logger
    
        def __init__(self, server, key, debug=False):
            """Initialize the duplicates filter.
            Parameters
            ----------
            server : redis.StrictRedis
                The redis server instance.
            key : str
                Redis key Where to store fingerprints.
            debug : bool, optional
                Whether to log filtered requests.
            """
            self.server = server
            self.key = key
            self.debug = debug
            self.logdupes = True
    
        @classmethod
        def from_settings(cls, settings):
            """Returns an instance from given settings.
            This uses by default the key ``dupefilter:<timestamp>``. When using the
            ``scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler`` class, this method is not used as
            it needs to pass the spider name in the key.
            Parameters
            ----------
            settings : scrapy.settings.Settings
            Returns
            -------
            RFPDupeFilter
                A RFPDupeFilter instance.
            """
            server = get_redis_from_settings(settings)
            # XXX: This creates one-time key. needed to support to use this
            # class as standalone dupefilter with scrapy's default scheduler
            # if scrapy passes spider on open() method this wouldn't be needed
            # TODO: Use SCRAPY_JOB env as default and fallback to timestamp.
            key = DEFAULT_DUPEFILTER_KEY % {'timestamp': int(time.time())}
            debug = settings.getbool('DUPEFILTER_DEBUG')
            return cls(server, key=key, debug=debug)
    
        @classmethod
        def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
            """Returns instance from crawler.
            Parameters
            ----------
            crawler : scrapy.crawler.Crawler
            Returns
            -------
            RFPDupeFilter
                Instance of RFPDupeFilter.
            """
            return cls.from_settings(crawler.settings)
    
        def request_seen(self, request):
            """Returns True if request was already seen.
            Parameters
            ----------
            request : scrapy.http.Request
            Returns
            -------
            bool
            """
            fp = self.request_fingerprint(request)
            # This returns the number of values added, zero if already exists.
            added = self.server.sadd(self.key, fp)
            return added == 0
    
        def request_fingerprint(self, request):
            """Returns a fingerprint for a given request.
            Parameters
            ----------
            request : scrapy.http.Request
            Returns
            -------
            str
            """
            return request_fingerprint(request)
    
        def close(self, reason=''):
            """Delete data on close. Called by Scrapy's scheduler.
            Parameters
            ----------
            reason : str, optional
            """
            self.clear()
    
        def clear(self):
            """Clears fingerprints data."""
            self.server.delete(self.key)
    
        def log(self, request, spider):
            """Logs given request.
            Parameters
            ----------
            request : scrapy.http.Request
            spider : scrapy.spiders.Spider
            """
            if self.debug:
                msg = "Filtered duplicate request: %(request)s"
                self.logger.debug(msg, {'request': request}, extra={'spider': spider})
            elif self.logdupes:
                msg = ("Filtered duplicate request %(request)s"
                       " - no more duplicates will be shown"
                       " (see DUPEFILTER_DEBUG to show all duplicates)")
                msg = "Filtered duplicate request: %(request)s"
                self.logger.debug(msg, {'request': request}, extra={'spider': spider})
                self.logdupes = False

    这个文件看起来比较复杂,重写了scrapy本身已经实现的request判重功能。因为本身scrapy单机跑的话,只需要读取内存中的request队列或者持久化的request队列(scrapy默认的持久化似乎是json格式的文件,不是数据库)就能判断这次要发出的request url是否已经请求过或者正在调度(本地读就行了)。而分布式跑的话,就需要各个主机上的scheduler都连接同一个数据库的同一个request池来判断这次的请求是否是重复的了。

    在这个文件中,通过继承BaseDupeFilter重写他的方法,实现了基于redis的判重。根据源代码来看,scrapy-redis使用了scrapy本身的一个fingerprint接request_fingerprint,这个接口很有趣,根据scrapy文档所说,他通过hash来判断两个url是否相同(相同的url会生成相同的hash结果),但是当两个url的地址相同,get型参数相同但是顺序不同时,也会生成相同的hash结果(这个真的比较神奇。。。)所以scrapy-redis依旧使用url的fingerprint来判断request请求是否已经出现过。

    这个类通过连接redis,使用一个key来向redis的一个set中插入fingerprint(这个key对于同一种spider是相同的,redis是一个key-value的数据库,如果key是相同的,访问到的值就是相同的,这里使用spider名字+DupeFilter的key就是为了在不同主机上的不同爬虫实例,只要属于同一种spider,就会访问到同一个set,而这个set就是他们的url判重池),如果返回值为0,说明该set中该fingerprint已经存在(因为集合是没有重复值的),则返回False,如果返回值为1,说明添加了一个fingerprint到set中,则说明这个request没有重复,于是返回True,还顺便把新fingerprint加入到数据库中了。 DupeFilter判重会在scheduler类中用到,每一个request在进入调度之前都要进行判重,如果重复就不需要参加调度,直接舍弃就好了,不然就是白白浪费资源。

    picklecompat.py

    """A pickle wrapper module with protocol=-1 by default."""
    
    try:
        import cPickle as pickle  # PY2
    except ImportError:
        import pickle
    
    
    def loads(s):
        return pickle.loads(s)
    
    
    def dumps(obj):
        return pickle.dumps(obj, protocol=-1)

    这里实现了loads和dumps两个函数,其实就是实现了一个序列化器。

    因为redis数据库不能存储复杂对象(key部分只能是字符串,value部分只能是字符串,字符串列表,字符串集合和hash),所以我们存啥都要先串行化成文本才行。

    这里使用的就是python的pickle模块,一个兼容py2和py3的串行化工具。这个serializer主要用于一会的scheduler存reuqest对象。

    pipelines.py

    这是是用来实现分布式处理的作用。它将Item存储在redis中以实现分布式处理。由于在这里需要读取配置,所以就用到了from_crawler()函数。

    from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object
    from scrapy.utils.serialize import ScrapyJSONEncoder
    from twisted.internet.threads import deferToThread
    
    from . import connection
    
    
    default_serialize = ScrapyJSONEncoder().encode
    
    
    class RedisPipeline(object):
        """Pushes serialized item into a redis list/queue"""
    
        def __init__(self, server,
                     key='%(spider)s:items',
                     serialize_func=default_serialize):
            self.server = server
            self.key = key
            self.serialize = serialize_func
    
        @classmethod
        def from_settings(cls, settings):
            params = {
                'server': connection.from_settings(settings),
            }
            if settings.get('REDIS_ITEMS_KEY'):
                params['key'] = settings['REDIS_ITEMS_KEY']
            if settings.get('REDIS_ITEMS_SERIALIZER'):
                params['serialize_func'] = load_object(
                    settings['REDIS_ITEMS_SERIALIZER']
                )
    
            return cls(**params)
    
        @classmethod
        def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
            return cls.from_settings(crawler.settings)
    
        def process_item(self, item, spider):
            return deferToThread(self._process_item, item, spider)
    
        def _process_item(self, item, spider):
            key = self.item_key(item, spider)
            data = self.serialize(item)
            self.server.rpush(key, data)
            return item
    
        def item_key(self, item, spider):
            """Returns redis key based on given spider.
            Override this function to use a different key depending on the item
            and/or spider.
            """
            return self.key % {'spider': spider.name}

    pipelines文件实现了一个item pipieline类,和scrapy的item pipeline是同一个对象,通过从settings中拿到我们配置的REDIS_ITEMS_KEY作为key,把item串行化之后存入redis数据库对应的value中(这个value可以看出出是个list,我们的每个item是这个list中的一个结点),这个pipeline把提取出的item存起来,主要是为了方便我们延后处理数据。

    queue.py

    该文件实现了几个容器类,可以看这些容器和redis交互频繁,同时使用了我们上边picklecompat中定义的序列化器。这个文件实现的几个容器大体相同,只不过一个是队列,一个是栈,一个是优先级队列,这三个容器到时候会被scheduler对象实例化,来实现request的调度。比如我们使用SpiderQueue最为调度队列的类型,到时候request的调度方法就是先进先出,而实用SpiderStack就是先进后出了。

    从SpiderQueue的实现看出来,他的push函数就和其他容器的一样,只不过push进去的request请求先被scrapy的接口request_to_dict变成了一个dict对象(因为request对象实在是比较复杂,有方法有属性不好串行化),之后使用picklecompat中的serializer串行化为字符串,然后使用一个特定的key存入redis中(该key在同一种spider中是相同的)。而调用pop时,其实就是从redis用那个特定的key去读其值(一个list),从list中读取最早进去的那个,于是就先进先出了。 这些容器类都会作为scheduler调度request的容器,scheduler在每个主机上都会实例化一个,并且和spider一一对应,所以分布式运行时会有一个spider的多个实例和一个scheduler的多个实例存在于不同的主机上,但是,因为scheduler都是用相同的容器,而这些容器都连接同一个redis服务器,又都使用spider名加queue来作为key读写数据,所以不同主机上的不同爬虫实例公用一个request调度池,实现了分布式爬虫之间的统一调度。

    from scrapy.utils.reqser import request_to_dict, request_from_dict
    
    from . import picklecompat
    
    
    class Base(object):
        """Per-spider queue/stack base class"""
    
        def __init__(self, server, spider, key, serializer=None):
            """Initialize per-spider redis queue.
            Parameters:
                server -- redis connection
                spider -- spider instance
                key -- key for this queue (e.g. "%(spider)s:queue")
            """
            if serializer is None:
                # Backward compatibility.
                # TODO: deprecate pickle.
                serializer = picklecompat
            if not hasattr(serializer, 'loads'):
                raise TypeError("serializer does not implement 'loads' function: %r"
                                % serializer)
            if not hasattr(serializer, 'dumps'):
                raise TypeError("serializer '%s' does not implement 'dumps' function: %r"
                                % serializer)
    
            self.server = server
            self.spider = spider
            self.key = key % {'spider': spider.name}
            self.serializer = serializer
    
        def _encode_request(self, request):
            """Encode a request object"""
            obj = request_to_dict(request, self.spider)
            return self.serializer.dumps(obj)
    
        def _decode_request(self, encoded_request):
            """Decode an request previously encoded"""
            obj = self.serializer.loads(encoded_request)
            return request_from_dict(obj, self.spider)
    
        def __len__(self):
            """Return the length of the queue"""
            raise NotImplementedError
    
        def push(self, request):
            """Push a request"""
            raise NotImplementedError
    
        def pop(self, timeout=0):
            """Pop a request"""
            raise NotImplementedError
    
        def clear(self):
            """Clear queue/stack"""
            self.server.delete(self.key)
    
    
    class SpiderQueue(Base):
        """Per-spider FIFO queue"""
    
        def __len__(self):
            """Return the length of the queue"""
            return self.server.llen(self.key)
    
        def push(self, request):
            """Push a request"""
            self.server.lpush(self.key, self._encode_request(request))
    
        def pop(self, timeout=0):
            """Pop a request"""
            if timeout > 0:
                data = self.server.brpop(self.key, timeout)
                if isinstance(data, tuple):
                    data = data[1]
            else:
                data = self.server.rpop(self.key)
            if data:
                return self._decode_request(data)
    
    
    class SpiderPriorityQueue(Base):
        """Per-spider priority queue abstraction using redis' sorted set"""
    
        def __len__(self):
            """Return the length of the queue"""
            return self.server.zcard(self.key)
    
        def push(self, request):
            """Push a request"""
            data = self._encode_request(request)
            score = -request.priority
            # We don't use zadd method as the order of arguments change depending on
            # whether the class is Redis or StrictRedis, and the option of using
            # kwargs only accepts strings, not bytes.
            self.server.execute_command('ZADD', self.key, score, data)
    
        def pop(self, timeout=0):
            """
            Pop a request
            timeout not support in this queue class
            """
            # use atomic range/remove using multi/exec
            pipe = self.server.pipeline()
            pipe.multi()
            pipe.zrange(self.key, 0, 0).zremrangebyrank(self.key, 0, 0)
            results, count = pipe.execute()
            if results:
                return self._decode_request(results[0])
    
    
    class SpiderStack(Base):
        """Per-spider stack"""
    
        def __len__(self):
            """Return the length of the stack"""
            return self.server.llen(self.key)
    
        def push(self, request):
            """Push a request"""
            self.server.lpush(self.key, self._encode_request(request))
    
        def pop(self, timeout=0):
            """Pop a request"""
            if timeout > 0:
                data = self.server.blpop(self.key, timeout)
                if isinstance(data, tuple):
                    data = data[1]
            else:
                data = self.server.lpop(self.key)
    
            if data:
                return self._decode_request(data)
    
    
    __all__ = ['SpiderQueue', 'SpiderPriorityQueue', 'SpiderStack']

    scheduler.py

    此扩展是对scrapy中自带的scheduler的替代(在settings的SCHEDULER变量中指出),正是利用此扩展实现crawler的分布式调度。其利用的数据结构来自于queue中实现的数据结构。

    scrapy-redis所实现的两种分布式:爬虫分布式以及item处理分布式就是由模块scheduler和模块pipelines实现。上述其它模块作为为二者辅助的功能模块

    import importlib
    import six
    
    from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object
    
    from . import connection
    
    
    # TODO: add SCRAPY_JOB support.
    class Scheduler(object):
        """Redis-based scheduler"""
    
        def __init__(self, server,
                     persist=False,
                     flush_on_start=False,
                     queue_key='%(spider)s:requests',
                     queue_cls='scrapy_redis.queue.SpiderPriorityQueue',
                     dupefilter_key='%(spider)s:dupefilter',
                     dupefilter_cls='scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter',
                     idle_before_close=0,
                     serializer=None):
            """Initialize scheduler.
            Parameters
            ----------
            server : Redis
                The redis server instance.
            persist : bool
                Whether to flush requests when closing. Default is False.
            flush_on_start : bool
                Whether to flush requests on start. Default is False.
            queue_key : str
                Requests queue key.
            queue_cls : str
                Importable path to the queue class.
            dupefilter_key : str
                Duplicates filter key.
            dupefilter_cls : str
                Importable path to the dupefilter class.
            idle_before_close : int
                Timeout before giving up.
            """
            if idle_before_close < 0:
                raise TypeError("idle_before_close cannot be negative")
    
            self.server = server
            self.persist = persist
            self.flush_on_start = flush_on_start
            self.queue_key = queue_key
            self.queue_cls = queue_cls
            self.dupefilter_cls = dupefilter_cls
            self.dupefilter_key = dupefilter_key
            self.idle_before_close = idle_before_close
            self.serializer = serializer
            self.stats = None
    
        def __len__(self):
            return len(self.queue)
    
        @classmethod
        def from_settings(cls, settings):
            kwargs = {
                'persist': settings.getbool('SCHEDULER_PERSIST'),
                'flush_on_start': settings.getbool('SCHEDULER_FLUSH_ON_START'),
                'idle_before_close': settings.getint('SCHEDULER_IDLE_BEFORE_CLOSE'),
            }
    
            # If these values are missing, it means we want to use the defaults.
            optional = {
                # TODO: Use custom prefixes for this settings to note that are
                # specific to scrapy-redis.
                'queue_key': 'SCHEDULER_QUEUE_KEY',
                'queue_cls': 'SCHEDULER_QUEUE_CLASS',
                'dupefilter_key': 'SCHEDULER_DUPEFILTER_KEY',
                # We use the default setting name to keep compatibility.
                'dupefilter_cls': 'DUPEFILTER_CLASS',
                'serializer': 'SCHEDULER_SERIALIZER',
            }
            for name, setting_name in optional.items():
                val = settings.get(setting_name)
                if val:
                    kwargs[name] = val
    
            # Support serializer as a path to a module.
            if isinstance(kwargs.get('serializer'), six.string_types):
                kwargs['serializer'] = importlib.import_module(kwargs['serializer'])
    
            server = connection.from_settings(settings)
            # Ensure the connection is working.
            server.ping()
    
            return cls(server=server, **kwargs)
    
        @classmethod
        def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
            instance = cls.from_settings(crawler.settings)
            # FIXME: for now, stats are only supported from this constructor
            instance.stats = crawler.stats
            return instance
    
        def open(self, spider):
            self.spider = spider
    
            try:
                self.queue = load_object(self.queue_cls)(
                    server=self.server,
                    spider=spider,
                    key=self.queue_key % {'spider': spider.name},
                    serializer=self.serializer,
                )
            except TypeError as e:
                raise ValueError("Failed to instantiate queue class '%s': %s",
                                 self.queue_cls, e)
    
            try:
                self.df = load_object(self.dupefilter_cls)(
                    server=self.server,
                    key=self.dupefilter_key % {'spider': spider.name},
                    debug=spider.settings.getbool('DUPEFILTER_DEBUG'),
                )
            except TypeError as e:
                raise ValueError("Failed to instantiate dupefilter class '%s': %s",
                                 self.dupefilter_cls, e)
    
            if self.flush_on_start:
                self.flush()
            # notice if there are requests already in the queue to resume the crawl
            if len(self.queue):
                spider.log("Resuming crawl (%d requests scheduled)" % len(self.queue))
    
        def close(self, reason):
            if not self.persist:
                self.flush()
    
        def flush(self):
            self.df.clear()
            self.queue.clear()
    
        def enqueue_request(self, request):
            if not request.dont_filter and self.df.request_seen(request):
                self.df.log(request, self.spider)
                return False
            if self.stats:
                self.stats.inc_value('scheduler/enqueued/redis', spider=self.spider)
            self.queue.push(request)
            return True
    
        def next_request(self):
            block_pop_timeout = self.idle_before_close
            request = self.queue.pop(block_pop_timeout)
            if request and self.stats:
                self.stats.inc_value('scheduler/dequeued/redis', spider=self.spider)
            return request
    
        def has_pending_requests(self):
            return len(self) > 0

    这个文件重写了scheduler类,用来代替scrapy.core.scheduler的原有调度器。其实对原有调度器的逻辑没有很大的改变,主要是使用了redis作为数据存储的媒介,以达到各个爬虫之间的统一调度。 scheduler负责调度各个spider的request请求,scheduler初始化时,通过settings文件读取queue和dupefilters的类型(一般就用上边默认的),配置queue和dupefilters使用的key(一般就是spider name加上queue或者dupefilters,这样对于同一种spider的不同实例,就会使用相同的数据块了)。每当一个request要被调度时,enqueue_request被调用,scheduler使用dupefilters来判断这个url是否重复,如果不重复,就添加到queue的容器中(先进先出,先进后出和优先级都可以,可以在settings中配置)。当调度完成时,next_request被调用,scheduler就通过queue容器的接口,取出一个request,把他发送给相应的spider,让spider进行爬取工作。

    spider.py

    设计的这个spider从redis中读取要爬的url,然后执行爬取,若爬取过程中返回更多的url,那么继续进行直至所有的request完成。之后继续从redis中读取url,循环这个过程。

    分析:在这个spider中通过connect signals.spider_idle信号实现对crawler状态的监视。当idle时,返回新的make_requests_from_url(url)给引擎,进而交给调度器调度。

    from scrapy import signals
    from scrapy.exceptions import DontCloseSpider
    from scrapy.spiders import Spider, CrawlSpider
    
    from . import connection
    
    
    # Default batch size matches default concurrent requests setting.
    DEFAULT_START_URLS_BATCH_SIZE = 16
    DEFAULT_START_URLS_KEY = '%(name)s:start_urls'
    
    
    class RedisMixin(object):
        """Mixin class to implement reading urls from a redis queue."""
        # Per spider redis key, default to DEFAULT_START_URLS_KEY.
        redis_key = None
        # Fetch this amount of start urls when idle. Default to DEFAULT_START_URLS_BATCH_SIZE.
        redis_batch_size = None
        # Redis client instance.
        server = None
    
        def start_requests(self):
            """Returns a batch of start requests from redis."""
            return self.next_requests()
    
        def setup_redis(self, crawler=None):
            """Setup redis connection and idle signal.
            This should be called after the spider has set its crawler object.
            """
            if self.server is not None:
                return
    
            if crawler is None:
                # We allow optional crawler argument to keep backwards
                # compatibility.
                # XXX: Raise a deprecation warning.
                crawler = getattr(self, 'crawler', None)
    
            if crawler is None:
                raise ValueError("crawler is required")
    
            settings = crawler.settings
    
            if self.redis_key is None:
                self.redis_key = settings.get(
                    'REDIS_START_URLS_KEY', DEFAULT_START_URLS_KEY,
                )
    
            self.redis_key = self.redis_key % {'name': self.name}
    
            if not self.redis_key.strip():
                raise ValueError("redis_key must not be empty")
    
            if self.redis_batch_size is None:
                self.redis_batch_size = settings.getint(
                    'REDIS_START_URLS_BATCH_SIZE', DEFAULT_START_URLS_BATCH_SIZE,
                )
    
            try:
                self.redis_batch_size = int(self.redis_batch_size)
            except (TypeError, ValueError):
                raise ValueError("redis_batch_size must be an integer")
    
            self.logger.info("Reading start URLs from redis key '%(redis_key)s' "
                             "(batch size: %(redis_batch_size)s)", self.__dict__)
    
            self.server = connection.from_settings(crawler.settings)
            # The idle signal is called when the spider has no requests left,
            # that's when we will schedule new requests from redis queue
            crawler.signals.connect(self.spider_idle, signal=signals.spider_idle)
    
        def next_requests(self):
            """Returns a request to be scheduled or none."""
            use_set = self.settings.getbool('REDIS_START_URLS_AS_SET')
            fetch_one = self.server.spop if use_set else self.server.lpop
            # XXX: Do we need to use a timeout here?
            found = 0
            while found < self.redis_batch_size:
                data = fetch_one(self.redis_key)
                if not data:
                    # Queue empty.
                    break
                req = self.make_request_from_data(data)
                if req:
                    yield req
                    found += 1
                else:
                    self.logger.debug("Request not made from data: %r", data)
    
            if found:
                self.logger.debug("Read %s requests from '%s'", found, self.redis_key)
    
        def make_request_from_data(self, data):
            # By default, data is an URL.
            if '://' in data:
                return self.make_requests_from_url(data)
            else:
                self.logger.error("Unexpected URL from '%s': %r", self.redis_key, data)
    
        def schedule_next_requests(self):
            """Schedules a request if available"""
            for req in self.next_requests():
                self.crawler.engine.crawl(req, spider=self)
    
        def spider_idle(self):
            """Schedules a request if available, otherwise waits."""
            # XXX: Handle a sentinel to close the spider.
            self.schedule_next_requests()
            raise DontCloseSpider
    
    
    class RedisSpider(RedisMixin, Spider):
        """Spider that reads urls from redis queue when idle."""
    
        @classmethod
        def from_crawler(self, crawler, *args, **kwargs):
            obj = super(RedisSpider, self).from_crawler(crawler, *args, **kwargs)
            obj.setup_redis(crawler)
            return obj
    
    
    class RedisCrawlSpider(RedisMixin, CrawlSpider):
        """Spider that reads urls from redis queue when idle."""
    
        @classmethod
        def from_crawler(self, crawler, *args, **kwargs):
            obj = super(RedisCrawlSpider, self).from_crawler(crawler, *args, **kwargs)
            obj.setup_redis(crawler)
            return obj

    spider的改动也不是很大,主要是通过connect接口,给spider绑定了spider_idle信号,spider初始化时,通过setup_redis函数初始化好和redis的连接,之后通过next_requests函数从redis中取出strat url,使用的key是settings中REDIS_START_URLS_AS_SET定义的(注意了这里的初始化url池和我们上边的queue的url池不是一个东西,queue的池是用于调度的,初始化url池是存放入口url的,他们都存在redis中,但是使用不同的key来区分,就当成是不同的表吧),spider使用少量的start url,可以发展出很多新的url,这些url会进入scheduler进行判重和调度。直到spider跑到调度池内没有url的时候,会触发spider_idle信号,从而触发spider的next_requests函数,再次从redis的start url池中读取一些url。

    总结

    最后总结一下scrapy-redis的总体思路:这个工程通过重写scheduler和spider类,实现了调度、spider启动和redis的交互。实现新的dupefilter和queue类,达到了判重和调度容器和redis的交互,因为每个主机上的爬虫进程都访问同一个redis数据库,所以调度和判重都统一进行统一管理,达到了分布式爬虫的目的。 当spider被初始化时,同时会初始化一个对应的scheduler对象,这个调度器对象通过读取settings,配置好自己的调度容器queue和判重工具dupefilter。每当一个spider产出一个request的时候,scrapy内核会把这个reuqest递交给这个spider对应的scheduler对象进行调度,scheduler对象通过访问redis对request进行判重,如果不重复就把他添加进redis中的调度池。当调度条件满足时,scheduler对象就从redis的调度池中取出一个request发送给spider,让他爬取。当spider爬取的所有暂时可用url之后,scheduler发现这个spider对应的redis的调度池空了,于是触发信号spider_idle,spider收到这个信号之后,直接连接redis读取strart url池,拿去新的一批url入口,然后再次重复上边的工作。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/alexzhang92/p/9410269.html
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