Unit 20 Environment: Tourism
I.定语从句及分词在雅思写作中的运用
定语从句：
1. 先行词
2. 关系词：关系代词、关系副词
3. 非限制性定语从句
4. 分词和定语从句
非谓语
*现在分词doing:表主动complaining
*过去分词done：表被动complained
1.分词
1）那个站在门口的男人是个凶手。
The man standing outside the door is a murderer.
2）去年在上海举办的峰会吸引了很多国家的注意。
The summit held in Shanghai last year attracted many countries’ attention.
3）从1990年到2000年上升的数据震惊了所有人。
The figure increasing from 1990 to 2000 shocked everyone.后置定语
这个上升的数据震惊了所有人。
The increasing figure shocked everyone.前置定语
注意：分词若单独出现，放在所修饰的名词前面
广告产品 advertised products
去年的广告产品products advertised last year
分词在句子中摆放的位置
1）放置在名词前或后充当前置定语或后置定语
2）表语
现在分词doing:表示事物本身特征
过去分词done:表示做这件事的态度
Some advertisements are misleading and cheating.
I am well-prepared for the post.
3）状语（见状语从句讲解）
2.分词与定语从句之间的转换
那个站在门口的男人是个凶手。
The man standing outside the door is a murderer.
= The man who is standing outside the door is a murderer.
公式一：现在分词和定语从句之间的转换
先行词+现在分词
=先行词+who(先行词为人)/which(物)+该现在分词适当的谓语形式
去年在上海举办的峰会吸引了很多国家的注意。
The summit held in Shanghai last year attracted many countries’ attention.
=The summit which was held in Shanghai last year attracted…
*The summit was held in Shanghai last year.
*The summit attracted many countries’ attention.
=The summit （which）government held in Shanghai last year attracted…
*Government held the summit in Shanghai last year.
* the summit attracted many countries’ attention.
公式二：过去分词和定语从句之间的转换
先行词+过去分词
=先行词+who/which+be+过去分词
=先行词+（whom/which）+该过去分词的动作执行者+过去分词适当的谓语形式
从1990年到2000年上升的数据震惊了所有人。
The figure increasing from 1990 to 2000 shocked everyone.
= The figure which increased from 1990 to 2000 shocked everyone.
这个上升的数据震惊了所有人。
The increasing figure shocked everyone.
=The figure which increased shocked everyone.
关系代词
Who:先行词是人；在定语从句中充当主语
Whom：人；宾语
Which：物；主语/宾语
That：人/物；主语/宾语
1）不能使用that的情况
1）介词后
2）逗号后
2）只能用that的情况
1）先行词既有人又有物
The writer and his works that the article deals with are familiar.
2）先行词被最高级/序数词/the only/the very/all修饰的时候
That’s the most fabulous movie that I’ve ever seen.
3）All that=all = what
All that I have is given to you.
Whose:人/物；所有格（定语）
I have a bag whose color is black.
雅思例句
那些支持死刑的人持有以下理由。
Those people who support death penalty have the following reasons.
=Those people supporting death penalty have the following reasons.
持有外国学历的学生似乎更加自信、独立和见多识广。
Students who hold a foreign degree seem to be more self-confident, independent and well-informed.
=Students holding a foreign degree seem to be more self-confident, independent and well-informed.
一些被父母倾注全部心血的留学生不懂得珍惜学习的机会。
Some overseas students whom their parents devote all the energy and love to do not cherish the opportunity to study.
那些比体育明星对社会做的贡献多的人理应获得高收入。
Those whose contribution to the society is greater than sports stars’ deserve huge salary.
人类应该对这个被他们破坏的环境负责。
People should be responsible for the deteriorating environment, which was ruined by them.
=People should be responsible for the deteriorating environment ruined by them.
关系副词
I will never forget the day which I spent with you.
*I will never forget the day.
* I spent the day with you.
I will never forget the day when/on which I first met you.
*I will never forget the day.
*I first met you on the day.
关系副词=介词+关系代词
When
Where
Why=for which
雅思例句
间隔年是指中学毕业生在上大学前去旅游、工作的一段时间。
A gap year is a period of time when high school graduates can travel or take a casual job before they further their study in universities.
动物园是个理想的研究中心，在那里科学家们可以在动物身上做实验，找出一些疾病的成因并研制出新的疗法。
Zoos are the ideal research center where scientists can conduct experiments on animals to discover the causes of some diseases and find new treatment.
许多年轻的学生去外国留学是因为他们有机会品味外国文化和掌握一门外语。
The reason why many young students go to study abroad is that they can taste the foreign culture and master a foreign language.
非限制性定语从句
The old lady has a son who joined the army.
The old lady has a son, who joined the army.
1）先行词为独一无二的事物：如国家、环境、互联网
2）先行词为一句话:
Many cars are parked along the streets, which is the direct cause of traffic congestion.
3）定语从句描述的特征是先行词共有的特征
判断：
*童年时候遭受体罚的小孩长大之后更有可能犯罪。
*我们应该禁止对小孩成长有害的暴力内容。
Children who receive physical punishment during childhood are more likely to commit crimes.
We should ban violent contents, which are detrimental to children’s growth.
As
As we all know, 句子
As is known to all, 句子
II.Unit20讲解
1. Model1对应题目分析
The increase in tourist numbers is causing damage to famous and historic places, such as the Sistine Chapel and the Great Wall of China. Describe some of the causes of these problems and suggest some solutions for them.
2. Model1范文分析
Model 1
International tourism is becoming increasingly popular, and people from all over the world flock to visit famous places such as the Great Wall of China and the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. However, this influx of visitors has caused many problems for the preservation and protection of these places. This essay will discuss the causes of this damage, and suggest some ways it can be reduced.
Damage to famous places can be due to many different causes. For example, the paintings in the Sistine Chapel are being damaged by people breathing onto them when they visit. Their breath contains moisture, which raises the humidity of the atmosphere and consequently damages the paintings. Damage in other places such. as the Great Wall is because of tourists climbing on delicate areas, and other factors such as road building so that visitors can access the site. These activities can cause erosion and damage to the area.
There are various solutions to these problems. The first one is to limit tourist numbers, because fewer visitors will result in less damage. Another solution is to enforce strict rules about which areas people can visit and what they can do when they get there. For example, special paths can be built and people can be forbidden to walk off the paths. Visitors to inside places can be asked to wear masks to reduce humidity.
In conclusion, it is necessary to control or limit tourism at famous places, because if we do not do this, these places will disappear and future generations will lose the opportunity to see these great wonders.
3. Model2题目分析
The increase in tourism may be causing environmental damage to our planet. What are some of the causes of this damage and how can we work to solve the problems tourism creates?
4. Model2范文分析
Model 2
International tourism has become increasingly common in the past twenty years, and nowadays many people travel by air to visit other cities or countries on their holidays. However, this increase in tourism has caused many problems for the environment, both globally and locally. This essay will discuss how tourism damages the environment, and suggest some ways to limit this damage.
Tourism can cause damage both globally and locally. Firstly, the increase in air traffic leads to increased global warming, as aeroplanes destroy our ozone layer through greenhouse gas emissions. Secondly, although local places often make a profit from tourism, too many tourists can lead to a lot of environmental damage from road building or hotel construction. As a result, the tourism industry can damage or lose the beautiful places that attracted visitors in the first place. For example, if too many huge hotels are built at beautiful beaches in Hawaii, the beaches will disappear and only the hotels will be left for the visitors. There are no simple solutions to these problems. However, there are some things that can be done to reduce the impact of tourism on the environment. For example, tourist numbers can be limited in delicate or precious places, and aeroplanes can be built with greater fuel efficiency. People can also be encouraged to visit the beautiful places that are close to home, rather than travelling for long distances on holiday.
In conclusion, tourism causes many problems for the environment, both locally and globally, and we must find ways to limit or control this so that we can protectour planet.
5. Writing practice 题目分析
Beautiful and natural wild places, such as remote parks and alpine areas, are being threatened by increased tourist numbers. How do tourists cause damage, and what can we do to prevent them from damaging the places they want to visit?
6. Model1及model2词、词组、句型讲解
Model 1
International tourism is becoming increasingly popular, and people from all over the world flock to visit famous places such as the Great Wall of China and the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. However, this influx of visitors has caused many problems for the preservation and protection of these places. This essay will discuss the causes of this damage, and suggest some ways it can be reduced.
Damage to famous places can be due to many different causes. For example, the paintings in the Sistine Chapel are being damaged by people breathing onto them when they visit. Their breath contains moisture, which raises the humidity of the atmosphere and consequently damages the paintings. Damage in other places such. as the Great Wall is because of tourists climbing on delicate areas, and other factors such as road building so that visitors can access the site. These activities can cause erosion and damage to the area.
There are various solutions to these problems. The first one is to limit tourist numbers, because fewer visitors will result in less damage. Another solution is to enforce strict rules about which areas people can visit and what they can do when they get there. For example, special paths can be built and people can be forbidden to walk off the paths. Visitors to inside places can be asked to wear masks to reduce humidity.
In conclusion, it is necessary to control or limit tourism at famous places, because if we do not do this, these places will disappear and future generations will lose the opportunity to see these great wonders.
Model 2
International tourism has become increasingly common in the past twenty years, and nowadays many people travel by air to visit other cities or countries on their holidays. However, this increase in tourism has caused many problems for the environment, both globally and locally. This essay will discuss how tourism damages the environment, and suggest some ways to limit this damage.
Tourism can cause damage both globally and locally. Firstly, the increase in air traffic leads to increased global warming, as aeroplanes destroy our ozone layer through greenhouse gas emissions. Secondly, although local places often make a profit from tourism, too many tourists can lead to a lot of environmental damage from road building or hotel construction. As a result, the tourism industry can damage or lose the beautiful places that attracted visitors in the first place. For example, if too many huge hotels are built at beautiful beaches in Hawaii, the beaches will disappear and only the hotels will be left for the visitors.
There are no simple solutions to these problems. However, there are some things that can be done to reduce the impact of tourism on the environment. For example, tourist numbers can be limited in delicate or precious places, and aeroplanes can be built with greater fuel efficiency. People can also be encouraged to visit the beautiful places that are close to home, rather than travelling for long distances on holiday.
In conclusion, tourism causes many problems for the environment, both locally and globally, and we must find ways to limit or control this so that we can protect our planet.
7. Unit20课后练习讲解
练习1
Essential Grammar
-Writing about cause and effect: summary
Learn these common and useful words and expressions for cause and effect and use them accurately.
| Cause | Effect | Structure |
| because | Consequently as a result so | + clause |
| because of due to be caused by | lead to cause (v) | + noun or noun phrase |
Use one of the expressions above to fill in the gaps in these sentences. Think carefully about cause and effect when you do this.
a. Humidity is a major cause of damage to the Sistine Chapel ____________ the paintings need to be protected from moisture.
b. The erosion in the sand dunes is __________ tourism.
c. Tourists __________ a lot of damage to both natural places and historic buildings.
d. The damage can be ____________ many different factors.
e. Tourists need to be able to access famous and delicate locations. _________ , access roads have to be built and these roads can ___________ damage to the environment.
f. We need to protect our special places ___________, if we don't, we will lose them.
g. Too many people crowding into delicate areas can __________ the destruction of the local area.
h. Tourists ___________ a lot of damage to the Great Wall of China. ___________, the Government is limiting tourist numbers.
练习2
Use the structures in the box above to join these phrases together. There are many possible answers. You can change the order of the phrases if you want to. Think carefully about cause and effect.
a. increased tourist numbers -- pressure on facilities such as hotels
b. many people walk on delicate areas -- erosion of the land
c. damage paintings -- people breathe
d. many tourists visit famous places -- destroy the places they want to see
e. there is a problem for the ozone layer -- air travel
f. tourist facilities -- building roads and hotels -- damage to the environment
g. people climb onto delicate places -- destroy
h. (not) preserve special places -- lose special places
练习3
---- Writing Conclusions (2): Practice in writing conclusions
Remember, in a conclusion you need to:
Summarise your ideas
Give your opinion
Look at Model 1 from Unit 9 below. Then, fill in the gaps in the exercise below to write a brief conclusion for this model.
One way to increase food production is for people to eat grain such as barley, oats or maize instead of feeding it to animals. More food is produced when farmers grow crops instead of animals on their land. While animals constantly need a lot of grass or grain, water, and space in which to move, crops need only water and fertilizer. Also, it costs money to turn the grain into meat, by feeding it to animals and then killing the animals. Therefore, the food yield per unit of land is far greater with crops than with animals.
Another way to increase food production is by improving the technology that farmers use. Firstly, better methods for irrigating land need to be developed. In countries which have little or no rain, such as parts of Africa, improved irrigation could lead to a big increase in food production. Secondly, if better seeds are developed, this could lead to stronger and healthier plants, which would provide more food yield per unit of land.
In _____________________,the two main ways to ____________________are by _________________ and by__________________________. In my opinion, it is very important to increase food production because ________________________________.
练习4
Look at Model l from Unit 11 below. Then, fill in the gaps in the exercise below to write a brief conclusion for this model.
In the past twenty years, the amount of traffic on the roads has greatly increased, and this has led to many problems with traffic jams and pollution in inner city areas. Some countries have limited the use of cars in the inner city by charging fees or restricting the days on which people can drive into the city. This approach has some disadvantages but, on the whole, it is a good solution to the problem of inner city traffic.
Restricting car traffic in the city can make it very difficult for some people to do their daily work. For example, moving quickly to meetings is very important for businessmen, and if they have no car this could create problems for them. In addition, it is important for disabled people or for families with young children to access city services and they should be able to drive their cars to the places where they need to go. Limiting the use of cars could create real inconvenience for some citizens.
However, there are many advantages to this idea. Firstly, it greatly reduces inner city pollution, both by reducing the number of cars and by encouraging the use of public transport. This reduction in pollution benefits everyone who lives and works in the city. Secondly, it decreases traffic congestion and actually makes it easier to move around the city. Thus, businessmen may find it quicker to get to their meetings and to visit other locations by taxi, by bus or by rail transport.
In _____________, while there are some _________________ to restricting car traffic in the inner city, there are many more _________________.because of the reduction in and traffic __________________. Therefore I support ___________________________.