Spark JDBC系列--取数的四种方式
一、二、三、四标题原文地址:
简书:wuli_小博:Spark JDBC系列–取数的四种方式
一、单分区模式
函数:
def jdbc(url: String, table: String, properties: Properties): DataFrame
使用示例:
val url = "jdbc:mysql://mysqlHost:3306/database"
val tableName = "table"
// 设置连接用户&密码
val prop = new java.util.Properties
prop.setProperty("user","username")
prop.setProperty("password","pwd")
// 取得该表数据
val jdbcDF = sqlContext.read.jdbc(url,tableName,prop)
// 一些操作
....
从入参可以看出,只需要传入JDBC URL、表名及对应的账号密码Properties即可。但是计算此DF的分区数后发现,这种不负责任的写法,并发数是1
jdbcDF.rdd.partitions.size=1
操作大数据集时,spark对MySQL的查询语句等同于可怕的:select * from table; ,而单个分区会把数据都集中在一个executor,当遇到较大数据集时,都会产生不合理的资源占用:MySQL可能hang住,spark可能会OOM,所以不推荐生产环境使用;
二、指定Long型column字段的分区模式
函数:
def jdbc(
url: String,
table: String,
columnName: String,
lowerBound: Long,
upperBound: Long,
numPartitions: Int,
connectionProperties: Properties): DataFrame
使用id做分片字段的示例:
val url = "jdbc:mysql://mysqlHost:3306/database"
val tableName = "table"
val columnName = "id"
val lowerBound = getMinId()
val upperBound = getMaxId()
val numPartitions = 200
// 设置连接用户&密码
val prop = new java.util.Properties
prop.setProperty("user","username")
prop.setProperty("password","pwd")
// 取得该表数据
val jdbcDF = sqlContext.read.jdbc(url,tableName, columnName, lowerBound, upperBound,numPartitions,prop)
// 一些操作
....
从入参可以看出,通过指定 id 这个数字型的column作为分片键,并设置最大最小值和指定的分区数,可以对数据库的数据进行并发读取。是不是numPartitions传入多少,分区数就一定是多少呢?其实不然,通过对源码的分析可知:
if upperBound-lowerBound >= numPartitions:
jdbcDF.rdd.partitions.size = numPartitions
else
jdbcDF.rdd.partitions.size = upperBound-lowerBound
拉取数据时,spark会按numPartitions均分最大最小ID,然后进行并发查询,并最终转换成RDD,例如:
入参为:
lowerBound=1, upperBound=1000, numPartitions=10
对应查询语句组为:
JDBCPartition(id < 101 or id is null,0),
JDBCPartition(id >= 101 AND id < 201,1),
JDBCPartition(id >= 201 AND id < 301,2),
JDBCPartition(id >= 301 AND id < 401,3),
JDBCPartition(id >= 401 AND id < 501,4),
JDBCPartition(id >= 501 AND id < 601,5),
JDBCPartition(id >= 601 AND id < 701,6),
JDBCPartition(id >= 701 AND id < 801,7),
JDBCPartition(id >= 801 AND id < 901,8),
JDBCPartition(id >= 901,9)
建议在使用此方式进行分片时,需要评估好 numPartitions 的个数,防止单片数据过大;同时需要column字段的索引建立情况,防止查询语句出现慢SQL影响取数效率。
如果column的数字是离散型的,为了防止拉取时出现过多空分区,以及不必要的一些数据倾斜,需要使用特殊手段进行处理,具体可以参考Spark JDBC系列–读取优化。
三、高自由度的分区模式
函数:
def jdbc(
url: String,
table: String,
predicates: Array[String],
connectionProperties: Properties): DataFrame
使用给定分区数组的示例:
/**
* 将近90天的数据进行分区读取
* 每一天作为一个分区,例如
* Array(
* "2015-09-17" -> "2015-09-18",
* "2015-09-18" -> "2015-09-19",
* ...)
**/
def getPredicates = {
val cal = Calendar.getInstance()
cal.add(Calendar.DATE, -90)
val array = ArrayBuffer[(String,String)]()
for (i <- 0 until 90) {
val start = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd").format(cal.getTime())
cal.add(Calendar.DATE, +1)
val end = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd").format(cal.getTime())
array += start -> end
}
val predicates = array.map {
case (start, end) => s"gmt_create >= '$start' AND gmt_create < '$end'"
}
predicates.toArray
}
val predicates = getPredicates
//链接操作
...
从函数可以看出,分区数组是多个并行的自定义where语句,且分区数为数据size:
jdbcDF.rdd.partitions.size = predicates.size
建议在使用此方式进行分片时,需要评估好 predicates.size 的个数,防止防止单片数据过大;同时需要自定义where语句的查询效率,防止查询语句出现慢SQL影响取数效率。
四、自定义option参数模式
函数示例:
val jdbcDF = sparkSession.sqlContext.read.format("jdbc")
.option("url", url)
.option("driver", "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver")
.option("dbtable", "table")
.option("user", "user")
.option("partitionColumn", "id")
.option("lowerBound", 1)
.option("upperBound", 10000)
.option("fetchsize", 100)
.option("xxx", "xxx")
.load()
从函数可以看出,option模式其实是一种开放接口,spark会根据具体的参数,来决定使用上述三种方式中的某一种。
五、JDBC To Other Databases
Spark官方API文档:
JDBC To Other Databases
5.1Scala
// Note: JDBC loading and saving can be achieved via either the load/save or jdbc methods
// Loading data from a JDBC source
val jdbcDF = spark.read
.format("jdbc")
.option("url", "jdbc:postgresql:dbserver")
.option("dbtable", "schema.tablename")
.option("user", "username")
.option("password", "password")
.load()
val connectionProperties = new Properties()
connectionProperties.put("user", "username")
connectionProperties.put("password", "password")
val jdbcDF2 = spark.read
.jdbc("jdbc:postgresql:dbserver", "schema.tablename", connectionProperties)
// Specifying the custom data types of the read schema
connectionProperties.put("customSchema", "id DECIMAL(38, 0), name STRING")
val jdbcDF3 = spark.read
.jdbc("jdbc:postgresql:dbserver", "schema.tablename", connectionProperties)
// Saving data to a JDBC source
jdbcDF.write
.format("jdbc")
.option("url", "jdbc:postgresql:dbserver")
.option("dbtable", "schema.tablename")
.option("user", "username")
.option("password", "password")
.save()
jdbcDF2.write
.jdbc("jdbc:postgresql:dbserver", "schema.tablename", connectionProperties)
// Specifying create table column data types on write
jdbcDF.write
.option("createTableColumnTypes", "name CHAR(64), comments VARCHAR(1024)")
.jdbc("jdbc:postgresql:dbserver", "schema.tablename", connectionProperties)
5.2Java
// Note: JDBC loading and saving can be achieved via either the load/save or jdbc methods
// Loading data from a JDBC source
Dataset<Row> jdbcDF = spark.read()
.format("jdbc")
.option("url", "jdbc:postgresql:dbserver")
.option("dbtable", "schema.tablename")
.option("user", "username")
.option("password", "password")
.load();
Properties connectionProperties = new Properties();
connectionProperties.put("user", "username");
connectionProperties.put("password", "password");
Dataset<Row> jdbcDF2 = spark.read()
.jdbc("jdbc:postgresql:dbserver", "schema.tablename", connectionProperties);
// Saving data to a JDBC source
jdbcDF.write()
.format("jdbc")
.option("url", "jdbc:postgresql:dbserver")
.option("dbtable", "schema.tablename")
.option("user", "username")
.option("password", "password")
.save();
jdbcDF2.write()
.jdbc("jdbc:postgresql:dbserver", "schema.tablename", connectionProperties);
// Specifying create table column data types on write
jdbcDF.write()
.option("createTableColumnTypes", "name CHAR(64), comments VARCHAR(1024)")
.jdbc("jdbc:postgresql:dbserver", "schema.tablename", connectionProperties);
5.3Python
# Note: JDBC loading and saving can be achieved via either the load/save or jdbc methods
# Loading data from a JDBC source
jdbcDF = spark.read
.format("jdbc")
.option("url", "jdbc:postgresql:dbserver")
.option("dbtable", "schema.tablename")
.option("user", "username")
.option("password", "password")
.load()
jdbcDF2 = spark.read
.jdbc("jdbc:postgresql:dbserver", "schema.tablename",
properties={"user": "username", "password": "password"})
# Specifying dataframe column data types on read
jdbcDF3 = spark.read
.format("jdbc")
.option("url", "jdbc:postgresql:dbserver")
.option("dbtable", "schema.tablename")
.option("user", "username")
.option("password", "password")
.option("customSchema", "id DECIMAL(38, 0), name STRING")
.load()
# Saving data to a JDBC source
jdbcDF.write
.format("jdbc")
.option("url", "jdbc:postgresql:dbserver")
.option("dbtable", "schema.tablename")
.option("user", "username")
.option("password", "password")
.save()
jdbcDF2.write
.jdbc("jdbc:postgresql:dbserver", "schema.tablename",
properties={"user": "username", "password": "password"})
# Specifying create table column data types on write
jdbcDF.write
.option("createTableColumnTypes", "name CHAR(64), comments VARCHAR(1024)")
.jdbc("jdbc:postgresql:dbserver", "schema.tablename",
properties={"user": "username", "password": "password"})