一,HttpServletRequest介绍
HttpServletRequest对象代表客户端的请求,当客户端通过HTTP协议访问服务器时,HTTP请求头中的所有信息都封装在这个对象中,通过这个对象提供的方法,可以获得客户端请求的所有信息。
二,jsp页面引入js,css文件的方式
在eclipse中新建一个web项目,目录结构如下:
在jsp页面的最开始,获取项目的根路径:
<% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme() + "://" + request.getServerName() + ":" + request.getServerPort() + path + "/"; %>
在<head></head>中,插入下述代码:
<base href="<%=basePath%>" />
这句代码的作用是将整个页面的根路径设置为项目路径。
三,Request常用方法
1,获得客户机信息
getRequestURL() |
返回客户端发出请求时的完整URL。 |
getRequestURI() |
返回请求行中的资源名部分。 |
getQueryString () |
返回请求行中的参数部分。 |
getRemoteAddr() |
返回发出请求的客户机的IP地址。 |
getPathInfo() |
返回请求URL中的额外路径信息。额外路径信息是请求URL中的位于Servlet的路径之后和查询参数之前的内容,它以"/"开头。 |
getRemoteHost() |
返回发出请求的客户机的完整主机名。 |
getRemotePort() |
返回客户机所使用的网络端口号。 |
getLocalAddr() |
返回WEB服务器的IP地址。 |
getLocalName() |
返回WEB服务器的主机名。 |
private void RequestMessages(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException{ String reqUrl = req.getRequestURL().toString();//得到请求的URL地址 String reqUri = req.getRequestURI();//得到请求的资源 String queryString = req.getQueryString();//得到请求的URL地址中附带的参数 String remoteAddr = req.getRemoteAddr();//得到来访者的IP地址 String remoteHost = req.getRemoteHost(); int remotePort = req.getRemotePort(); String remoteUser = req.getRemoteUser(); String method = req.getMethod();//得到请求URL地址时使用的方法 String pathInfo = req.getPathInfo(); String localAddr = req.getLocalAddr();//获取WEB服务器的IP地址 String localName = req.getLocalName();//获取WEB服务器的主机名 resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");//设置将字符以"UTF-8"编码输出到客户端浏览器 //通过设置响应头控制浏览器以UTF-8的编码显示数据,如果不加这句话,那么浏览器显示的将是乱码 resp.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=UTF-8"); PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter(); out.write("获取到的客户机信息如下:"); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("请求的URL地址:"+reqUrl); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("请求的资源:"+reqUri); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("请求的URL地址中附带的参数:"+queryString); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("来访者的IP地址:"+remoteAddr); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("来访者的主机名:"+remoteHost); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("使用的端口号:"+remotePort); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("remoteUser:"+remoteUser); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("请求使用的方法:"+method); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("pathInfo:"+pathInfo); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("localAddr:"+localAddr); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("localName:"+localName); } private void RequestMessages(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException{ String reqUrl = req.getRequestURL().toString();//得到请求的URL地址 String reqUri = req.getRequestURI();//得到请求的资源 String queryString = req.getQueryString();//得到请求的URL地址中附带的参数 String remoteAddr = req.getRemoteAddr();//得到来访者的IP地址 String remoteHost = req.getRemoteHost(); int remotePort = req.getRemotePort(); String remoteUser = req.getRemoteUser(); String method = req.getMethod();//得到请求URL地址时使用的方法 String pathInfo = req.getPathInfo(); String localAddr = req.getLocalAddr();//获取WEB服务器的IP地址 String localName = req.getLocalName();//获取WEB服务器的主机名 resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");//设置将字符以"UTF-8"编码输出到客户端浏览器 //通过设置响应头控制浏览器以UTF-8的编码显示数据,如果不加这句话,那么浏览器显示的将是乱码 resp.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=UTF-8"); PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter(); out.write("获取到的客户机信息如下:"); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("请求的URL地址:"+reqUrl); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("请求的资源:"+reqUri); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("请求的URL地址中附带的参数:"+queryString); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("来访者的IP地址:"+remoteAddr); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("来访者的主机名:"+remoteHost); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("使用的端口号:"+remotePort); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("remoteUser:"+remoteUser); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("请求使用的方法:"+method); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("pathInfo:"+pathInfo); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("localAddr:"+localAddr); out.write("<br/>"); out.write("localName:"+localName); }
2,获得客户机请求头
getHeader(string name)方法:String
getHeaders(String name)方法:Enumeration
getHeaderNames()方法
private void RequestHead(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException{ resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");//设置将字符以"UTF-8"编码输出到客户端浏览器 //通过设置响应头控制浏览器以UTF-8的编码显示数据 resp.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=UTF-8"); PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter(); Enumeration<String> reqHeadInfos = req.getHeaderNames();//获取所有的请求头 out.write("获取到的客户端所有的请求头信息如下:"); out.write("<br/>"); while (reqHeadInfos.hasMoreElements()) { String headName = (String) reqHeadInfos.nextElement(); String headValue = req.getHeader(headName);//根据请求头的名字获取对应的请求头的值 out.write(headName+":"+headValue); out.write("<br/>"); } out.write("<br/>"); out.write("获取到的客户端Accept-Encoding请求头的值:"); out.write("<br/>"); String value = req.getHeader("Accept-Encoding");//获取Accept-Encoding请求头对应的值 out.write(value); Enumeration<String> e = req.getHeaders("Accept-Encoding"); while (e.hasMoreElements()) { String string = (String) e.nextElement(); System.out.println(string); } }
3,获得客户机请求参数
getParameter(String name) |
根据name获取请求参数(常用) |
getParameterValues(String name) |
根据name获取请求参数列表(常用) |
getParameterMap() |
返回的是一个Map类型的值,该返回值记录着前端(如jsp页面)所提交请求中的请求参数和请求参数值的映射关系。(编写框架时常用) |
如下表单:
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme() + "://" + request.getServerName() + ":" + request.getServerPort() + path + "/"; %> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"> <title>表单提交</title> <link href="css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="js/jquery-3.2.1.js"></script> <script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script> </head> <body> <form class="form-horizontal" action="<%=request.getContextPath()%>/GetParameterRequest.html" role="form" method="post"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="firstname" class="col-sm-1 control-label">名字</label> <div class="col-sm-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="name" placeholder="请输入名字"> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="lastname" class="col-sm-1 control-label">年龄</label> <div class="col-sm-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="age" placeholder="请输年龄"> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="lastname" class="col-sm-1 control-label">性别</label> <div class="col-sm-3"> <input type="radio" name="sex" value="男" checked>男 <input type="radio" name="sex" value="女">女 </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="lastname" class="col-sm-1 control-label">爱好</label> <div class="col-sm-3"> <input type="checkbox" name="aihao" value="唱歌">唱歌 <input type="checkbox" name="aihao" value="上网">上网 <input type="checkbox" name="aihao" value="游戏">游戏 <input type="checkbox" name="aihao" value="看书">看书 </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <div class="col-sm-offset-1 col-sm-3"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">提交</button> <button type="reset" class="btn btn-default">重置</button> </div> </div> </form> </body> </html>
使用getParameter方法和getParameterValues方法接收表单参数:
public class GetParameterRequest extends HttpServlet{ private static final long serialVersionUID = 3903946972744326948L; @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { this.doPost(req, resp); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { //客户端是以UTF-8编码提交表单数据的,所以需要设置服务器端以UTF-8的编码进行接收,否则对于中文数据就会产生乱码 req.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8"); //获取名字 String name = req.getParameter("name"); //获取年龄 String age = req.getParameter("age"); //获取性别 String sex = req.getParameter("sex"); //获取爱好,因为可以选中多个值,所以获取到的值是一个字符串数组,因此需要使用getParameterValues方法来获取 String[] aihaos = req.getParameterValues("aihao"); String aihao = ""; if(aihaos != null){ for (int i = 0; i < aihaos.length; i++) { if(i == aihaos.length - 1){ aihao += aihaos[i]; } else { aihao += aihaos[i] + ","; } } } System.out.println("名字:" + name); System.out.println("年龄:" + age); System.out.println("性别:" + sex); System.out.println("爱好:" + aihao); req.setAttribute("aihao", aihao); //设置服务器端以UTF-8编码输出数据到客户端 resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8"); this.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/request.jsp").forward(req, resp); } }
响应页面:
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme() + "://" + request.getServerName() + ":" + request.getServerPort() + path + "/"; %> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"> <title>表单提交</title> <link href="css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="js/jquery-3.2.1.js"></script> <script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script> </head> <body> <table class="table"> <thead> <tr> <th>名称</th> <th>结果</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>姓名</td> <td><%=request.getParameter("name") %></td> </tr> <tr> <td>年龄</td> <td><%=request.getParameter("age") %></td> </tr> <tr> <td>性别</td> <td><%=request.getParameter("sex") %></td> </tr> <tr> <td>爱好</td> <td><%=request.getAttribute("aihao") %></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
提交如下表单:
后台打印:
运行结果如下:
四,request接收表单提交中文参数乱码问题
1,以POST方式提交表单中文参数的乱码问题
有如下表单:
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme() + "://" + request.getServerName() + ":" + request.getServerPort() + path + "/"; %> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"> <title>表单提交</title> <link href="css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="js/jquery-3.2.1.js"></script> <script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script> </head> <body> <form class="form-horizontal" action="<%=request.getContextPath()%>/PostRequest.html" role="form" method="post"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="firstname" class="col-sm-1 control-label">名字</label> <div class="col-sm-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="name" placeholder="请输入名字"> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <div class="col-sm-offset-1 col-sm-3"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">提交</button> <button type="reset" class="btn btn-default">重置</button> </div> </div> </form> </body> </html>
后台接收参数:
public class PostRequest extends HttpServlet{ private static final long serialVersionUID = 3903946972744326948L; @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { this.doPost(req, resp); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { String name = req.getParameter("name"); System.out.println("名字:" + name); } }
提交数据:
运行结果:
之所以会产生乱码,就是因为服务器和客户端沟通的编码不一致造成的,因此解决的办法是:在客户端和服务器之间设置一个统一的编码,之后就按照此编码进行数据的传输和接收。
由于客户端是以UTF-8字符编码将表单数据传输到服务器端的,因此服务器也需要设置以UTF-8字符编码进行接收,通过setCharacterEncoding方法统一编码格式:
public class PostRequest extends HttpServlet{ private static final long serialVersionUID = 3903946972744326948L; @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { this.doPost(req, resp); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { //设置服务器以UTF-8的编码接收数据 req.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8"); String name = req.getParameter("name"); System.out.println("名字:" + name); } }
重新提交表单,中文乱码解决:
2,以GET方式提交表单中文参数的乱码问题
有如下表单:
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme() + "://" + request.getServerName() + ":" + request.getServerPort() + path + "/"; %> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"> <title>表单提交</title> <link href="css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="js/jquery-3.2.1.js"></script> <script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script> </head> <body> <form class="form-horizontal" action="<%=request.getContextPath()%>/GetRequest.html" role="form" method="get"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="firstname" class="col-sm-1 control-label">名字</label> <div class="col-sm-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="name" placeholder="请输入名字"> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <div class="col-sm-offset-1 col-sm-3"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">提交</button> <button type="reset" class="btn btn-default">重置</button> </div> </div> </form> </body> </html>
后台接收参数:
public class GetRequest extends HttpServlet{ private static final long serialVersionUID = 3903946972744326948L; @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { this.doPost(req, resp); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { String name = req.getParameter("name"); System.out.println("名字:" + name); } }
提交数据:
运行结果:
之所以会产生乱码,对于以get方式传输的数据,默认的还是使用ISO8859-1这个字符编码来接收数据,客户端以UTF-8的编码传输数据到服务器端,而服务器端的request对象使用的是ISO8859-1这个字符编码来接收数据,服务器和客户端沟通的编码不一致因此才会产生中文乱码的。
解决方法:
在接收到数据后,先获取request对象以ISO8859-1字符编码接收到的原始数据的字节数组,然后通过字节数组以指定的编码构建字符串
public class GetRequest extends HttpServlet{ private static final long serialVersionUID = 3903946972744326948L; @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { this.doPost(req, resp); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { String name = req.getParameter("name"); //以ISO8859-1字符编码接收到的原始数据的字节数组,然后通过字节数组以指定的编码构建字符串 name = new String(name.getBytes("ISO8859-1") , "UTF-8"); System.out.println("名字:" + name); } }
重新提交表单,中文乱码解决: