mySQL主从
主从简介
在现代企业中,数据显得尤为重要,而存储数据的数据库选择又五花八门,但无论是何种数据库,均存在着一种隐患。
想几个问题:
- 用一台数据库存放数据,若此数据库服务器宕机了导致数据丢失怎么办?
- 业务量大了,数据多了,访问的人多了,一台数据库无法保证服务质量了怎么办?
主从作用
- 实时灾备,用于故障切换
- 读写分离,提供查询服务
- 备份,避免影响业务
主从形式
- 一主一从
- 主主复制
- 一主多从---扩展系统读取的性能,因为读是在从库读取的
- 多主一从---5.7开始支持
- 联级复制
主从复制原理
主从复制步骤:
- 主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程,将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程
- 从库生成两个线程,一个I/O线程,一个SQL线程
- I/O线程去请求主库的binlog,并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log(中继日志) 文件中
- SQL线程,会读取relay log文件中的日志,并解析成具体操作,来实现主从的操作一致,达到最终数据一致的目的
主从复制配置
主从复制配置步骤:
- 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
- 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
- 配置主数据库(修改配置文件)
- 配置从数据库(修改配置文件)
需求:
搭建两台MySQL服务器,一台作为主服务器,一台作为从服务器,主服务器进行写操作,从服务器进行读操作
环境说明:
数据库角色 | IP | 应用与系统版本 | 有无数据 |
---|---|---|---|
主数据库 | 172.16.12.128 | centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7 |
有数据 |
从数据库 | 172.16.12.129 | centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7 |
无数据 |
mysql安装
分别在主从两台服务器上安装mysql-5.7版本
mysql主从配置
确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样,先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中
//先查看主库有哪些库
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pwangqing123! -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| student |
| sys |
| teacher |
+--------------------+
//再查看从库有哪些库
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pwangqing123! -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
//全备主库
//全备主库时需要另开一个终端,给数据库加上读锁,避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致
mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
//此锁表的终端必须在备份完成以后才能退出
//备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pwangqing123! --all-databases > /opt/all-201808191200.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt/
all-201808191200.sql
[root@localhost ~]# scp /opt/all-201808191200.sql root@172.16.12.129:/opt/
root@172.16.12.129's password:
all-201808191200.sql 100% 786KB 10.6MB/s 00:00
//解除主库的锁表状态,直接退出交互式界面即可
mysql> quit
Bye
//在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看从库有哪些库,确保与主库一致
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pwangqing123! < /opt/all-201808191200.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pwangqing123! -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| student |
| sys |
| teacher |
+--------------------+
在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
在主上授权给从
MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.23.133' identified by 'repl123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)
在从上链接主
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -urepl -prepl123 -h192.168.23.132
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 9
Server version: 10.3.17-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]>
配置主数据库
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
//在[mysqld]这段的后面加上如下内容
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
log-bin=mysql-bin //启用binlog日志
server-id=10 //数据库服务器唯一标识符,主库的server-id值必须比从库的大
symbolic-links=0
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
//重启mysql服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
//查看主库的状态
MariaDB [(none)]> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 328 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
配置从数据库
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
//添加如下内容
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
server-id=20 //设置从库的唯一标识符,从库的server-id值必须大于主库的该值
relay-log=myrelay //启用中继日志relay-log
symbolic-links=0
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
//重启从库的mysql服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
//配置并启动主从复制
MariaDB [(none)]> change master to master_host='192.168.23.132',master_user='repl',master_password='repl123',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',master_log_pos=328;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.003 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> show slave statusG;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.23.132
Master_User: repl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 328
Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000003
Relay_Log_Pos: 627
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
在从数据库中查看数据是否同步
MariaDB [school]> select * from student;
+----+------+------+-------+
| id | name | age | score |
+----+------+------+-------+
| 1 | aaa | 14 | 80 |
| 2 | bbb | 15 | 76 |
| 3 | ccc | 16 | 88 |
| 4 | ddd | 17 | 99 |
+----+------+------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> select * from school.student;
+----+------+------+-------+
| id | name | age | score |
+----+------+------+-------+
| 1 | aaa | 14 | 80 |
| 2 | bbb | 15 | 76 |
| 3 | ccc | 16 | 88 |
| 4 | ddd | 17 | 99 |
+----+------+------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)