• 爱因斯坦智力题算法的分析


    前些天,试着编程解一下爱因斯坦出过一道著名的智力题,多年前就见过,当时尝试编程解决,失败了。经过几年编程实践,不参考别人的,看能不能独立写出一个比较好的算法。

    //有五个具有五种不同颜色的房间;每个房间裏分别住著一个不同国籍的人;每个人都在喝一种特定品牌的饮料,
    // 抽一特定品牌的香烟,养一特定的宠物;没有任意两个人在抽相同品牌的香烟,或喝相同品牌的饮料,或养相同的宠物。
     
    //1.英国人住在红色的房子裏;
    //2.瑞典人养狗作为宠物;
    //3.丹麦人喝茶;
    //4.绿房子紧挨著白房子,在白房子的左边;
    //5.绿房子的主人喝咖啡;
    //6.抽 Pall Mall 牌香烟的人养鸟;
    //7.黄色房子裏的人抽 Dunhill 牌香烟;
    //8.住在中间那个房子裏的人喝牛奶;
    //9.挪威人住在第一个房子裏(最左边);
    //10.抽 Blends 香烟的人和养猫的人相邻;
    //11.养马的人和抽 Dunhill 牌香烟的人相邻;
    //12.抽 BlueMaster 牌香烟的人喝啤酒;
    //13.德国人抽 Prince 牌香烟;
    //14.挪威人和住蓝房子的人相邻;
    //15.抽Blends 香烟的人和喝矿泉水的人相邻; 

    如今以不可同日而语之犀利眼光,一眼发现这些条件真面目,不过是一个个Predicate委托而已。当然先建五个枚举:

        enum Color
        {
            Red,Green,Yellow,Blue,White
        }
    
        enum Nation
        {
            Britain,Norway,Danmark, Sweden,Germany
        }
    
        enum Pet
        {
            Bird,Horse,Cat,Dog,Fish
        }
    
        enum Drink
        {
            Tea, Beer, Coffee, Water,Milk
        }
    
        enum Smoke
        {
            Blends, BlueMaster, PallMall, DunHill, Prince
        }

    又刷刷刷地敲出了这样的代码:

    3. Danish.Drink == Drink.Tea;
    
    4. var guyInGreen = AllPeople.First(g=>g.HColor==HColor.Green); 
        var guyInWhite = AllPeople.First(g=>g.HColor==HColor.White); 
        guyInWhite.Position - guyInGreen.Position == 1; 
    
    5. guy = AllPeople.Where(g=>g.HColor==HColor.Green||g.Drink ==Drink.Coffee); 
       if(guy.Count() > 1) throw; 
       if(guy.HColor == Green) guy.Drink = Coffee; 
    …… 

    写了几段,就意识到不对劲了。主要是每个条件最后一句,是该判断呢,还是该赋值呢?比如说如果一个人,住在红房子里,那他一定是英国人。那就要看这个人有哪些属性已经确定了。

    而且,如果既现在既不确定哪个住红房子,也不知道谁是英国人,怎么办?经过反复思考,我想每个条件,除了能提供判断,以及合适时赋值,还要提供推断,即可能的方案以供尝试。先选一种方案,然后下个条件再判断现在的状态是否合法,是的话再提出一组方案,不然就选上一条件中的下一个方案。

    想到这里,算法的轮廓大致浮现了出来。每个条件,将成为一个个Condition类的实例。而另一个领域模型,之前没有想到的类,已经呼之欲出,即将登上舞台成为主角。导演,自然是偶了。

    这场好戏,现在该考虑故事背景了。想在潘多拉星球上拍神雕侠侣,大概观众会吐血,当然更别说种山楂树,观众不吐我都要吐了。在上下班路上,内心经过痛苦的斗争,偶决定放弃风花雪月的属性,因为给每个属性创建状态标识的成本太高。于是偶移师海阔天空的大自然,不加雕琢的Dictionary成了这部戏的主要外景。

        class Guy
        {
            public Dictionary Properties = new Dictionary(6);
    	......
        }
    
        class PN   //PropertyName
        {
            public const string Color = "Color";
    
            public const string Pet = "Pet";
    
            public const string Nation = "Nation";
    
            public const string Drink = "Drink";
    
            public const string Smoke = "Smoke";
    
            public const string Postion = "Postion";
    
            public static IEnumerable GetNames()
            {
                yield return Postion;
                yield return Nation;
                yield return Color;
                yield return Drink;
                yield return Pet;
                yield return Smoke;
            }
        }

    Guy类的主要函数,就是围绕Guy.Properties这个属性字典进行操作,如何封装取决于Condition类的实现。对于条件中单独一个属性,本来可以用 KeyValuePair<string,int>表示,不过太长,所以自己写了个Property类。要是类型能定义别名就好了。看题目中的条件,不少都是根据位置作判断的,所以位置是特殊的属性,如果能用来作Guy的主键,应该可以事半功倍。

    下面,期待中的主角露出了庐山真面目,完全是我们以抽象思维创作出来艺术形像。其实很简单,但没艺术细胞的想不出,不会创作的写不出,大家认为呢?

       
        class Attempt
        {
            public Guy[] Guys = new Guy[2];
            public Property[] Properties = new Property[2];
    
            public void Act()
            {
                Guys[0].SetProperty(Properties[0]);
                if(Guys[1] !=null) Guys[1].SetProperty(Properties[1]);
            }
    
            public void RollBack()
            {
                Guys[0].RemoveProperty(Properties[0]);
                if (Guys[1] != null) Guys[1].RemoveProperty(Properties[1]);
            }
    
            public Attempt(Property[] properties, Guy[] guys)
            {
                Guys = guys;
                Properties = properties;
            }
    
            public Attempt(Property[] properties, Guy guy)
            {
                Guys[0] = Guys[1] = guy;
                Properties = properties;
            }
    
            public Attempt(Property property, Guy guy)
            {
                Guys[0] = guy;
                Properties[0] = property;
            }
        }

    接着来参观下为主角量身打造的舞台吧,大导演拍大片,当然要打造大舞台,比世博园还大,看个样子就行了 :)

      
        abstract class Condition
        {
            protected Property[] Properties = new Property[2];
    
            protected Condition(Property p1, Property p2);
    
            protected Condition() { }
    
            public abstract MatchResult Match(IList guys, ref IList attempts);
    
        }
        /// 
        /// 同人条件
        /// 
        class SameGuyCondition : Condition
        {
            public SameGuyCondition(Property p1, Property p2);
    
            public override MatchResult Match(IList guys, ref IList attempts);
        }
        /// 
        /// 相邻条件
        /// 
        class AdjacentCondition : Condition
        {
            RelativePosition Relation;  //default is both
    
            public AdjacentCondition(Property p1, Property p2);
    
            public AdjacentCondition(Property p1, Property p2, RelativePosition relation);
    
            public override MatchResult Match(IList guys, ref IList attempts);
        }

    这场戏分十几场来拍,有了前面的准备,剧本一气呵成:

      
        class Puzzle
        {
            static IList conditions = new List();
    
            public static void Start()
            {
                ......
                
                AddCondition(PN.Nation, Nation.Britain, PN.Color, Color.Red);
                AddCondition(PN.Nation, Nation.Sweden, PN.Pet, Pet.Dog);
                AddCondition(PN.Nation, Nation.Danmark, PN.Drink, Drink.Tea);
                AddCondition(PN.Color, Color.Green, PN.Color, Color.White, RelativePosition.Left);
                AddCondition(PN.Color, Color.Green, PN.Drink, Drink.Coffee);
                AddCondition(PN.Smoke, Smoke.PallMall, PN.Pet, Pet.Bird);
                AddCondition(PN.Color, Color.Yellow, PN.Smoke, Smoke.DunHill);
                AddCondition(PN.Postion, 3, PN.Drink, Drink.Milk);
                AddCondition(PN.Nation, Nation.Norway, PN.Postion, 1);
                AddCondition(PN.Smoke, Smoke.Blends, PN.Pet, Pet.Cat, RelativePosition.Both );
                AddCondition(PN.Pet, Pet.Horse, PN.Smoke, Smoke.DunHill, RelativePosition.Both);
                AddCondition(PN.Smoke, Smoke.BlueMaster, PN.Drink, Drink.Beer);
                AddCondition(PN.Smoke, Smoke.Prince, PN.Nation, Nation.Germany);
                AddCondition(PN.Nation, Nation.Norway, PN.Color, Color.Blue, RelativePosition.Both);
                AddCondition(PN.Drink, Drink.Water, PN.Smoke, Smoke.Blends, RelativePosition.Both);
                
                ......
            }
        }

    看上去万事俱备,只欠东风了。事实上要借到东风,还须一些神通,最后一步还有一道难题,这么多场景如何串联在一起?这种戏偶以前从未拍过,考验功底的时候到了。在僵局的时刻,“搜索树”在脑中灵光一现,对,听这名字就是我要的。虽然不知所谓,也从未用过,但“树”我懂的啊。实话说,偶很讨厌写这些树啊图啊的,不过关键时刻,难不倒偶的。

      
        class StepNode
        {
            /// 
            /// The number of stage in the search tree, each stage match a condition
            /// 
            public Int32 Index;
    
            StepNode[] Steps;
    
            public StepNode Parent;
    
            public Attempt Action;
            /// 
            /// The index indicates which step should be continued now, the previous steps has failed.
            /// 
            Int32 currentStepIndex;
    
            Boolean Ending
            {
                get
                {
                    if (Steps == null) return true;
                    return currentStepIndex >= Steps.Length;
                }
            }
    
            public StepNode Next()
            {
                StepNode nextNode;
                if (Ending)
                {
                    if (Action != null) Action.RollBack(); 
                    nextNode = Parent.Next();
                }
                else nextNode = Steps[currentStepIndex];
                currentStepIndex++;
                return nextNode;
            }
    
            public StepNode Expand(IList attempts)
            {
                if (attempts != null || attempts.Count > 0)
                {
                    Steps = new StepNode[attempts.Count];
    
                    for (int i = 0; i < attempts.Count; i++)
                    {
                        Steps[i] = new StepNode { Parent = this, Index = Index + 1, Action = attempts[i] };
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Steps = new StepNode[] {
                        new StepNode { Parent = this, Index = Index + 1 } 
                    };
                }
                return this;
            }
        }
    
        class Puzzle
        {
            static IList conditions = new List();
            static IList attempts = new List();
            static IList guys;
    
            public static void Start()
            {
                guys = GuyRuler.Init();
    
                #region Init conditions
                ... ...
                #endregion
    
                var root = new StepNode();
    
                GoFrom(root);
            }
    
            static void GoFrom(StepNode node)
            {
                if (node.Index >= conditions.Count) return;
    
                if (node.Action != null) node.Action.Act();
                var result = conditions[node.Index].Match(guys, ref attempts);
    
                if (result == MatchResult.Fail)
                {
                    if (node.Action != null) node.Action.RollBack();
                    node = node.Parent.Next();
                }
                else
                {
                    node = node.Expand(attempts).Next();
                }
    
                GoFrom(node);   
            }
       }

    非常顺利,人就要敢于尝试和突破。照例,杀青前,测试下结果:

    image

    有点奇特是吧,结果差距怎么这么大?可千万别被迷惑了,由于输出结果时用了Enum的反射,这是个绝对的性能杀手。在我Core7200处理器,32位Win7电脑上,真正计算过程不到2ms!

    源代码下载,里面几个类都重写了ToString方法,在VS下调试时相当方便,这是其它开发环境望尘莫及的。怎么样,还是不够快啊。那好,下期再来优化它。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/XmNotes/p/1859233.html
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