@description@
Fib数列为1,1,2,3,5,8...
求在Mod10^9+9的意义下,数字N在Fib数列中出现在哪个位置
无解输出-1
@solution@
一个熟练的 OIer 选手应该能迅速发现 5 在模 10^9 + 9 意义下有二次剩余。考虑斐波那契通项公式:
[f_i = frac{1}{sqrt{5}}((frac{1 + sqrt{5}}{2})^n - (frac{1 - sqrt{5}}{2})^n) = N
]
不妨记 (a = frac{1 + sqrt{5}}{2}, b = frac{1 - sqrt{5}}{2}),则我们要解方程 (a^n - b^n = sqrt{5}N = K)。
这个方程可解吗?注意 a, b 存在关系:(a + b = 1, ab = -1)。前一个显然不好用,我们用后一个:
[a^n - (frac{-1}{a})^n = K\
a^{2n} - Ka^{n} - (-1)^n = 0\
a^n = frac{K pm sqrt{K^2 + 4 imes(-1)^n}}{2}
]
讨论一下 n 的奇偶可以解出 (a^n),然后 BSGS 即可。平方根也可 BSGS + 原根来解。
@accepted code@
#include <cstdio>
#include <vector>
#include <cassert>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int MOD = int(1E9) + 9;
const int INV2 = (MOD + 1) / 2;
const int INV5 = (MOD + 1) / 5;
const int SQ5 = 383008016;
const int A = 1LL*(MOD + 1 + SQ5)*INV2%MOD;
const int B = 1LL*(MOD + 1 - SQ5)*INV2%MOD;
const int C = 1LL*SQ5*INV5%MOD;
const int G = 13;
const int BLOCK = 32000;
const int HASHSIZE = 1000037;
const int MA = 133086171;
const int INVMA = 74832817;
const int GCD = 3;
inline int add(int x, int y) {return (x + y >= MOD ? x + y - MOD : x + y);}
inline int sub(int x, int y) {return (x - y < 0 ? x - y + MOD : x - y);}
inline int mul(int x, int y) {return 1LL * x * y % MOD;}
int pow_mod(int b, int p) {
int ret = 1;
for(int i=p;i;i>>=1,b=mul(b,b))
if( i & 1 ) ret = mul(ret, b);
return ret;
}
int fib(int n) {
int x = sub(pow_mod(A, n), pow_mod(B, n));
return mul(C, x);
}
vector<pair<int, int> >h[HASHSIZE];
int hash_search(int x) {
int y = x % HASHSIZE;
for(int i=0;i<h[y].size();i++)
if( h[y][i].first == x )
return h[y][i].second;
return -1;
}
void hash_insert(int x, int k) {
int y = x % HASHSIZE;
for(int i=0;i<h[y].size();i++)
if( h[y][i].first == x )
return ;
h[y].push_back(make_pair(x, k));
}
void init() {
int p = pow_mod(G, BLOCK);
for(int i=1,q=p;i<=BLOCK;i++,q=mul(q,p))
hash_insert(q, i*BLOCK);
}
int bsgs(int x) {
if( x == 0 ) return -1;
int ret = MOD;
for(int i=1,q=G;i<=BLOCK;i++,q=mul(q,G)) {
int p = hash_search(mul(x, q));
if( p != -1 ) ret = min(ret, p - i);
}
assert(pow_mod(G, ret) == x);
return ret;
}
int msqrt(int x) {
if( x == 0 ) return 0;
int p = bsgs(x);
return p % 2 ? -1 : pow_mod(G, p / 2);
}
int ans = -1;
void update(int x, int r) {
x = 1LL*(x / GCD)*INVMA%((MOD - 1) / GCD);
if( x % 2 == r )
if( ans == -1 || ans > x )
ans = x;
}
int main() {
int N, K; scanf("%d", &N), K = mul(N, SQ5), init();
int P = msqrt(add(mul(K, K), 4)); // even
if( P != -1 ) {
int k = bsgs(mul(add(K, P), INV2));
if( k != -1 && k % GCD == 0 ) update(k, 0);
k = bsgs(mul(sub(K, P), INV2));
if( k != -1 && k % GCD == 0 ) update(k, 0);
}
P = msqrt(sub(mul(K, K), 4)); // odd
if( P != -1 ) {
int k = bsgs(mul(add(K, P), INV2));
if( k != -1 && k % GCD == 0 ) update(k, 1);
k = bsgs(mul(sub(K, P), INV2));
if( k != -1 && k % GCD == 0 ) update(k, 1);
}
if( ans != -1 ) assert(fib(ans) == N);
printf("%d
", ans);
}
@details@
因为几乎都是常数,可以预处理出来直接用。
话说这道题的主要难点是解方程那一块吧,感觉数学味儿多一点。