#归档(自动备份) 归档数据文件 1. 需要的功能 $ tar -zcf archive.tar.gz /home/Christine/Project/*.* 2>/dev/null -- -z进行压缩，重定向错误日志清空掉（警告提示是去掉了开头的斜杠，以便于使用的时候可以解压到任意路径） $ $ ls -l archive.tar.gz -rw-rw-r--. 1 Christine Christine 3331 Aug 27 10:53 archive.tar.gz 不需要为待备份的新目录或文件修改或编写新的归档脚本，而是可以借助于配置文件存放。 $ cat Files_To_Backup /home/Christine/Project /home/Christine/Downloads /home/Does_not_exist /home/Christine/Documents # exec < $CONFIG_FILE read FILE_NAME # while [ $? -eq 0 ] do [...] read FILE_NAME done # if [ -f $FILE_NAME -o -d $FILE_NAME ] -- 文件或目录执行 then # If file exists, add its name to the list. FILE_LIST="$FILE_LIST $FILE_NAME" else echo "$FILE_NAME, does not exist." echo fi # FILE_NO=$[$FILE_NO + 1] # Increase Line/File number by one. -- 添加了变量 FILE_NO ，脚本可以告诉你在归档配置文件中哪行中含有不正确或缺失的文件或目录 2. 创建逐日归档文件的存放位置 $ sudo mkdir /archive -- 创建归档仓库 #创建用户组，并给用户赋权。用户组中的成员可以添加和删除文件 $ sudo groupadd Archivers $ $ sudo chgrp Archivers /archive $ $ ls -ld /archive drwxr-xr-x. 2 root Archivers 4096 Aug 27 14:10 /archive $ $ sudo usermod -aG Archivers Christine [sudo] password for Christine: $ $ sudo chmod 775 /archive $ $ ls -ld /archive drwxrwxr-x. 2 root Archivers 4096 Aug 27 14:10 /archive $ mv Files_To_Backup /archive/ $ $ ls /archive Files_To_Backup 3. 创建按日归档的脚本 #!/bin/bash # # Daily_Archive - Archive designated files & directories ######################################################## # # Gather Current Date # DATE=$(date +%y%m%d) # # Set Archive File Name # FILE=archive$DATE.tar.gz # # Set Configuration and Destination File # CONFIG_FILE=/archive/Files_To_Backup DESTINATION=/archive/$FILE -- DESTINATION 变量会将归档文件的全路径名加上去。 CONFIG_FILE 变量指向含有待归档目录信息的归档配置文件 # ######### Main Script ######################### # # Check Backup Config file exists # if [ -f $CONFIG_FILE ] # Make sure the config file still exists. then # If it exists, do nothing but continue on. echo else # If it doesn't exist, issue error & exit script. echo echo "$CONFIG_FILE does not exist." echo "Backup not completed due to missing Configuration File" echo exit fi # # Build the names of all the files to backup # FILE_NO=1 # Start on Line 1 of Config File. exec < $CONFIG_FILE # Redirect Std Input to name of Config File # read FILE_NAME # Read 1st record # while [ $? -eq 0 ] # Create list of files to backup. do # Make sure the file or directory exists. if [ -f $FILE_NAME -o -d $FILE_NAME ] then # If file exists, add its name to the list. FILE_LIST="$FILE_LIST $FILE_NAME" else # If file doesn't exist, issue warning echo echo "$FILE_NAME, does not exist." echo "Obviously, I will not include it in this archive." echo "It is listed on line $FILE_NO of the config file." echo "Continuing to build archive list..." echo fi # FILE_NO=$[$FILE_NO + 1] # Increase Line/File number by one. read FILE_NAME # Read next record. done # ####################################### # # Backup the files and Compress Archive # echo "Starting archive..." echo # tar -czf $DESTINATION $FILE_LIST 2> /dev/null # echo "Archive completed" echo "Resulting archive file is: $DESTINATION" echo # exit 4. 运行按日归档的脚本 $ ls -l Daily_Archive.sh -rw-rw-r--. 1 Christine Christine 1994 Aug 28 15:58 Daily_Archive.sh $ $ chmod u+x Daily_Archive.sh -- 先赋予文件执行权限 $ sh Daily_Archive.sh -- 执行文件 /home/Does_not_exist, does not exist. -- 你会看到这个脚本发现了一个不存在的目录：/home/Does_not_exist。脚本能够告诉你这个错误的行在配置文件中的行号，然后继续创建列表和归档数据 Obviously, I will not include it in this archive. It is listed on line 3 of the config file. Continuing to build archive list... Starting archive... Archive completed Resulting archive file is: /archive/archive140828.tar.gz $ ls /archive archive140828.tar.gz Files_To_Backup -- 日文件已经备份了 5. 创建按小时归档的脚本 为归档文件创建一个目录层级 $ sudo mkdir /archive/hourly [sudo] password for Christine: $ $ sudo chgrp Archivers /archive/hourly $ $ ls -ld /archive/hourly/ drwxr-xr-x. 2 root Archivers 4096 Sep 2 09:24 /archive/hourly/ $ $ sudo chmod 775 /archive/hourly $ $ ls -ld /archive/hourly drwxrwxr-x. 2 root Archivers 4096 Sep 2 09:24 /archive/hourly 新目录设置好之后，将按小时归档的配置文件File_To_Backup移动到该目录中 $ cat Files_To_Backup /usr/local/Production/Machine_Errors /home/Development/Simulation_Logs $ $ mv Files_To_Backup /archive/hourly/ $ 创建Hourly_Archive.sh脚本 #!/bin/bash # # Hourly_Archive - Every hour create an archive ######################################################### # # Set Configuration File # CONFIG_FILE=/archive/hourly/Files_To_Backup # # Set Base Archive Destination Location # BASEDEST=/archive/hourly # # Gather Current Day, Month & Time # DAY=$(date +%d) MONTH=$(date +%m) TIME=$(date +%k0%M) -- 在 %k 后加入数字0后，所有的单数字小时数都会被加入一个前导数字0，填充成两位数字。保证文件名中总是保留4位数字 # # Create Archive Destination Directory # mkdir -p $BASEDEST/$MONTH/$DAY -- -p 命令行选项。这个选项允许在单个命令中创建目录和子目录。另外，就算目录已经存在，它也不会产生错误消息 # # Build Archive Destination File Name # DESTINATION=$BASEDEST/$MONTH/$DAY/archive$TIME.tar.gz # ########## Main Script #################### [...] -- 和 编号3 的Main Script一致 6. 运行按小时归档的脚本（测试成功后可以放入cron表） $ chmod u+x Hourly_Archive.sh $ $ date +%k%M -- 检查当前时间 1011 $ $ sh Hourly_Archive.sh Starting archive... Archive completed Resulting archive file is: /archive/hourly/09/02/archive1011.tar.gz $ $ ls /archive/hourly/09/02/ archive1011.tar.gz -- 归档文件名archive1011.tar.gz中包含了对应的小时（10）和分钟（11） #管理用户账户 需要的功能（1-4 确认正确的账户） 1. 获取正确的账户名 2. 创建函数获取正确的账户名 function get_answer { # unset ANSWER -- 清除脚本用户之前给出的答案 ASK_COUNT=0 # while [ -z "$ANSWER" ] do ASK_COUNT=$[ $ASK_COUNT + 1 ] -- 通过给 ASK_COUNT变量增值，可以设定不同的消息来回应脚本用户 # case $ASK_COUNT in -- 2) echo echo "Please answer the question." echo ;; 3) echo echo "One last try...please answer the question." echo ;; 4) echo echo "Since you refuse to answer the question..." echo "exiting program." echo # exit ;; esac # echo if [ -n "$LINE2" ] then #Print 2 lines echo $LINE1 echo -e $LINE2" c" else #Print 1 line echo -e $LINE1" c" fi # read -t 60 ANSWER done # unset LINE1 unset LINE2 # } #End of get_answer function LINE1="Please enter the username of the user " LINE2="account you wish to delete from system:" get_answer USER_ACCOUNT=$ANSWER 3. 验证输入的用户名 function process_answer { # case $ANSWER in y|Y|YES|yes|Yes|yEs|yeS|YEs|yES ) ;; *) echo echo $EXIT_LINE1 echo $EXIT_LINE2 echo exit ;; esac # unset EXIT_LINE1 unset EXIT_LINE2 # } #End of process_answer function EXIT_LINE1="Because the account, $USER_ACCOUNT, is not " EXIT_LINE2="the one you wish to delete, we are leaving the script..." process_answer 4. 确定账户是否存在 USER_ACCOUNT_RECORD=$(cat /etc/passwd | grep -w $USER_ACCOUNT) -- -w 选项允许你对这个特定用户账户进行精确匹配 if [ $? -eq 1 ] then echo echo "Account, $USER_ACCOUNT, not found. " echo "Leaving the script..." echo exit fi echo "I found this record:" echo $USER_ACCOUNT_RECORD echo # LINE1="Is this the correct User Account? [y/n]" get_answer # EXIT_LINE1="Because the account, $USER_ACCOUNT, is not" EXIT_LINE2="the one you wish to delete, we are leaving the script..." process_answer 5. 删除属于账户的进程 ps -u $USER_ACCOUNT >/dev/null #Are user processes running? -- 查看改用户处于运行状态的进程 case $? in 1) # No processes running for this User Account # echo "There are no processes for this account currently running." echo ;; 0) # Processes running for this User Account. # Ask Script User if wants us to kill the processes. # echo "$USER_ACCOUNT has the following processes running: " echo ps -u $USER_ACCOUNT # LINE1="Would you like me to kill the process(es)? [y/n]" get_answer # [...] esac case $ANSWER in y|Y|YES|yes|Yes|yEs|yeS|YEs|yES ) # If user answers "yes", #kill User Account processes. echo echo "Killing off process(es)..." # # List user processes running code in variable, COMMAND_1 COMMAND_1="ps -u $USER_ACCOUNT --no-heading" # # Create command to kill proccess in variable, COMMAND_3 COMMAND_3="xargs -d \n /usr/bin/sudo /bin/kill -9" # # Kill processes via piping commands together $COMMAND_1 | gawk '{print $1}' | $COMMAND_3 # echo echo "Process(es) killed." ;; esac 6. 查找属于账户的文件 find / -user $USER_ACCOUNT > $REPORT_FILE -- find 命令用 -u 选项查找整个文件系统，它能够准确查找到属于该用户的所有文件 7. 删除账户 LINE1="Remove $User_Account's account from system? [y/n]" get_answer # EXIT_LINE1="Since you do not wish to remove the user account," EXIT_LINE2="$USER_ACCOUNT at this time, exiting the script..." process_answer userdel $USER_ACCOUNT 创建脚本 完整的Delete_User.sh脚本： #!/bin/bash # #Delete_User - Automates the 4 steps to remove an account # ############################################################### # Define Functions # ##################################################### function get_answer { # unset ANSWER ASK_COUNT=0 # while [ -z "$ANSWER" ] #While no answer is given, keep asking. do ASK_COUNT=$[ $ASK_COUNT + 1 ] # case $ASK_COUNT in #If user gives no answer in time allotted 2) echo echo "Please answer the question." echo ;; 3) echo echo "One last try...please answer the question." echo ;; 4) echo echo "Since you refuse to answer the question..." echo "exiting program." echo # exit ;; esac # echo # if [ -n "$LINE2" ] then #Print 2 lines echo $LINE1 echo -e $LINE2" c" else #Print 1 line echo -e $LINE1" c" fi # # Allow 60 seconds to answer before time-out read -t 60 ANSWER done # Do a little variable clean-up unset LINE1 unset LINE2 # } #End of get_answer function # ##################################################### function process_answer { # case $ANSWER in y|Y|YES|yes|Yes|yEs|yeS|YEs|yES ) # If user answers "yes", do nothing. ;; *) # If user answers anything but "yes", exit script echo echo $EXIT_LINE1 echo $EXIT_LINE2 echo exit ;; esac # # Do a little variable clean-up # unset EXIT_LINE1 unset EXIT_LINE2 # } #End of process_answer function # ############################################## # End of Function Definitions # ############# Main Script #################### # Get name of User Account to check # echo "Step #1 - Determine User Account name to Delete " echo LINE1="Please enter the username of the user " LINE2="account you wish to delete from system:" get_answer USER_ACCOUNT=$ANSWER # # Double check with script user that this is the correct User Account # LINE1="Is $USER_ACCOUNT the user account " LINE2="you wish to delete from the system? [y/n]" get_answer # # Call process_answer funtion: # if user answers anything but "yes", exit script # EXIT_LINE1="Because the account, $USER_ACCOUNT, is not " EXIT_LINE2="the one you wish to delete, we are leaving the script..." process_answer # ################################################################ # Check that USER_ACCOUNT is really an account on the system # USER_ACCOUNT_RECORD=$(cat /etc/passwd | grep -w $USER_ACCOUNT) # if [ $? -eq 1 ] # If the account is not found, exit script then echo echo "Account, $USER_ACCOUNT, not found. " echo "Leaving the script..." echo exit fi # echo echo "I found this record:" echo $USER_ACCOUNT_RECORD # LINE1="Is this the correct User Account? [y/n]" get_answer # # # Call process_answer function: # if user answers anything but "yes", exit script # EXIT_LINE1="Because the account, $USER_ACCOUNT, is not " EXIT_LINE2="the one you wish to delete, we are leaving the script..." process_answer # ################################################################## # Search for any running processes that belong to the User Account # echo echo "Step #2 - Find process on system belonging to user account" echo # ps -u $USER_ACCOUNT >/dev/null #Are user processes running? # case $? in 1) # No processes running for this User Account # echo "There are no processes for this account currently running." echo ;; 0) # Processes running for this User Account. # Ask Script User if wants us to kill the processes. # echo "$USER_ACCOUNT has the following processes running: " echo ps -u $USER_ACCOUNT # LINE1="Would you like me to kill the process(es)? [y/n]" get_answer # case $ANSWER in y|Y|YES|yes|Yes|yEs|yeS|YEs|yES ) # If user answers "yes", # kill User Account processes. # echo echo "Killing off process(es)..." # # List user processes running code in variable, COMMAND_1 COMMAND_1="ps -u $USER_ACCOUNT --no-heading" # # Create command to kill proccess in variable, COMMAND_3 COMMAND_3="xargs -d \n /usr/bin/sudo /bin/kill -9" # # Kill processes via piping commands together $COMMAND_1 | gawk '{print $1}' | $COMMAND_3 # echo echo "Process(es) killed." ;; *) # If user answers anything but "yes", do not kill. echo echo "Will not kill the process(es)" echo ;; esac ;; esac ################################################################# # Create a report of all files owned by User Account # echo echo "Step #3 - Find files on system belonging to user account" echo echo "Creating a report of all files owned by $USER_ACCOUNT." echo echo "It is recommended that you backup/archive these files," echo "and then do one of two things:" echo " 1) Delete the files" echo " 2) Change the files' ownership to a current user account." echo echo "Please wait. This may take a while..." # REPORT_DATE=$(date +%y%m%d) REPORT_FILE=$USER_ACCOUNT"_Files_"$REPORT_DATE".rpt" # find / -user $USER_ACCOUNT > $REPORT_FILE 2>/dev/null # echo echo "Report is complete." echo "Name of report: $REPORT_FILE" echo "Location of report: $(pwd)" echo #################################### # Remove User Account echo echo "Step #4 - Remove user account" echo # LINE1="Remove $USER_ACCOUNT's account from system? [y/n]" get_answer # # Call process_answer function: # if user answers anything but "yes", exit script # EXIT_LINE1="Since you do not wish to remove the user account," EXIT_LINE2="$USER_ACCOUNT at this time, exiting the script..." process_answer # userdel $USER_ACCOUNT #delete user account echo echo "User account, $USER_ACCOUNT, has been removed" echo # exit 运行脚本 $ chmod u+x Delete_User.sh -- 赋权 $ $ ls -l Delete_User.sh -rwxr--r--. 1 Christine Christine 6413 Sep 2 14:20 Delete_User.sh $ sudo ./Delete_User.sh [sudo] password for Christine: Step #1 - Determine User Account name to Delete Please enter the username of the user account you wish to delete from system: Consultant Is Consultant the user account you wish to delete from the system? [y/n] Please answer the question. Is Consultant the user account you wish to delete from the system? [y/n] y I found this record: Consultant:x:504:506::/home/Consultant:/bin/bash Is this the correct User Account? [y/n] yes Step #2 - Find process on system belonging to user account Consultant has the following processes running: PID TTY TIME CMD 5443 pts/0 00:00:00 bash 5444 pts/0 00:00:00 sleep Would you like me to kill the process(es)? [y/n] Yes Killing off process(es)... Process(es) killed. Step #3 - Find files on system belonging to user account Creating a report of all files owned by Consultant. It is recommended that you backup/archive these files, and then do one of two things: 1) Delete the files 2) Change the files' ownership to a current user account. Please wait. This may take a while... Report is complete. Name of report: Consultant_Files_140902.rpt Location of report: /home/Christine Step #4 - Remove user account Remove Consultant's account from system? [y/n] y User account, Consultant, has been removed $ $ ls Consultant*.rpt Consultant_Files_140902.rpt $ $ cat Consultant_Files_140902.rpt /home/Consultant /home/Consultant/Project_393 /home/Consultant/Project_393/393_revisionQ.py /home/Consultant/Project_393/393_Final.py [...] /home/Consultant/.bashrc /var/spool/mail/Consultant $ $ grep Consultant /etc/passwd $ #监测磁盘空间 需要的功能 $ sudo du -s /home/* -- 使用 du 命令总结/home目录下每个用户的$HOME目录的磁盘占用情况 [sudo] password for Christine: 4204 /home/Christine 56 /home/Consultant 52 /home/Development 4 /home/NoSuchUser 96 /home/Samantha 36 /home/Timothy 1024 /home/user1 #查看系统目录（比如/var/log）的磁盘使用情况 $ sudo du -s /var/log/* -- 可以使用大写S，会为每个目录或子目录统计磁盘使用情况 4 /var/log/anaconda.ifcfg.log 20 /var/log/anaconda.log 32 /var/log/anaconda.program.log 108 /var/log/anaconda.storage.log 40 /var/log/anaconda.syslog 56 /var/log/anaconda.xlog 116 /var/log/anaconda.yum.log 4392 /var/log/audit 4 /var/log/boot.log [...] #进行磁盘用量排序，-n 选项允许按数字排序， -r 选项会先列出最大数字（逆序）。查看占用磁盘空间最多的目录 $ sudo du -S /var/log/ | sort -rn 4392 /var/log/audit 3020 /var/log/sa 2976 /var/log/ 420 /var/log/gdm 152 /var/log/ConsoleKit 80 /var/log/prelink 4 /var/log/sssd 4 /var/log/samba/old 4 /var/log/samba 4 /var/log/ppp 4 /var/log/ntpstats 4 /var/log/httpd 4 /var/log/cups #磁盘空间使用排名前十的用户 $ sudo du -S /var/log/ | > sort -rn | > sed '{11,$D; =}' | > sed 'N; s/ / /' | > gawk '{printf $1 ":" " " $2 " " $3 " "}' [sudo] password for Christine: 1: 4396 /var/log/audit 2: 3024 /var/log/sa 3: 2976 /var/log/ 4: 420 /var/log/gdm 5: 152 /var/log/ConsoleKit 6: 80 /var/log/prelink 7: 4 /var/log/sssd 8: 4 /var/log/samba/old 9: 4 /var/log/samba 10: 4 /var/log/ppp 创建脚本 #!/bin/bash # # Big_Users - Find big disk space users in various directories ############################################################### # Parameters for Script # CHECK_DIRECTORIES=" /var/log /home" #Directories to check # ############## Main Script ################################# # DATE=$(date '+%m%d%y') #Date for report file # exec > disk_space_$DATE.rpt #Make report file STDOUT # echo "Top Ten Disk Space Usage" #Report header echo "for $CHECK_DIRECTORIES Directories" # for DIR_CHECK in $CHECK_DIRECTORIES #Loop to du directories do echo "" echo "The $DIR_CHECK Directory:" #Directory header # # Create a listing of top ten disk space users in this dir du -S $DIR_CHECK 2>/dev/null | sort -rn | sed '{11,$D; =}' | sed 'N; s/ / /' | gawk '{printf $1 ":" " " $2 " " $3 " "}' # done #End of loop # exit 运行脚本 $ ls -l Big_Users.sh -rw-r--r--. 1 Christine Christine 910 Sep 3 08:43 Big_Users.sh $ $ sudo bash Big_Users.sh [sudo] password for Christine: $ $ ls disk_space*.rpt disk_space_090314.rpt $ $ cat disk_space_090314.rpt Top Ten Disk Space Usage for /var/log /home Directories The /var/log Directory: 1: 4496 /var/log/audit 2: 3056 /var/log 3: 3032 /var/log/sa 4: 480 /var/log/gdm 5: 152 /var/log/ConsoleKit 6: 80 /var/log/prelink 7: 4 /var/log/sssd 8: 4 /var/log/samba/old 9: 4 /var/log/samba 10: 4 /var/log/ppp The /home Directory: 1: 34084 /home/Christine/Documents/temp/reports/archive 2: 14372 /home/Christine/Documents/temp/reports 3: 4440 /home/Timothy/Project__42/log/universe 4: 4440 /home/Timothy/Project_254/Old_Data/revision.56 5: 4440 /home/Christine/Documents/temp/reports/report.txt 6: 3012 /home/Timothy/Project__42/log 7: 3012 /home/Timothy/Project_254/Old_Data/data2039432 8: 2968 /home/Timothy/Project__42/log/answer 9: 2968 /home/Timothy/Project_254/Old_Data/data2039432/answer 10: 2968 /home/Christine/Documents/temp/reports/answer 发送消息 功能分析： 1. 确定系统中都有谁（who）： whoami -- 确定当前账号 who -- 用户名，用户所在终端，用户登入系统的时间 2. 启用消息功能（mesg）： mesg -- 查看当前用户是否开启信息接收 mesg y -- 开启信息接收 mesg n -- 关闭信息接收 who -T -- 查看用户信息是否开启。（+）表示开启，（-）表示关闭。 3. 向其他用户发送消息（write）： $ write xh_sw pts/37 Hello Tim! 创建脚本： #!/bin/bash #mu.sh - Send a Message to a particular user ############################################# # # Save the username parameter # muser=$1 # # Determine if user is logged on: # logged_on=$(who | grep -i -m 1 $muser | gawk '{print $1}') # if [ -z $logged_on ] then echo "$muser is not logged on." echo "Exiting script..." exit fi # # Determine if user allows messaging: # allowed=$(who -T | grep -i -m 1 $muser | gawk '{print $2}') # if [ $allowed != "+" ] then echo "$muser does not allowing messaging." echo "Exiting script..." exit fi # # Determine if a message was included: # if [ -z $2 ] then echo "No message parameter included." echo "Exiting script..." exit fi # # Determine if there is more to the message: # shift # while [ -n "$1" ] do whole_message=$whole_message' '$1 shift done # # Send message to user: # uterminal=$(who | grep -i -m 1 $muser | gawk '{print $2}') # echo $whole_message | write $logged_on $uterminal # exit 获取格言 #!/bin/bash # # Get a Daily Inspirational Quote ##################################### # # Script Variables #### # quote_url=www.quotationspage.com/qotd.html # # Check url validity ### # check_url=$(wget -nv --spider $quote_url 2>&1) # if [[ $check_url == *error404* ]] then echo "Bad web address" echo "$quote_url invalid" echo "Exiting script..." exit fi # # Download Web Site's Information # wget -o /tmp/quote.log -O /tmp/quote.html $quote_url # # Extract the Desired Data # sed 's/<[^>]*//g' /tmp/quote.html | grep "$(date +%B' '%-d,' '%Y)" -A2 | sed 's/>//g' | sed '/ /{n ; d}' | gawk 'BEGIN{FS=" "} {print $1}' | tee /tmp/daily_quote.txt > /dev/null # exit 编造借口 #!/bin/bash # # Send a Text Message ################################ # # Script Variables #### # phone="3173334444" SMSrelay_url=http://textbelt.com/text text_message="System Code Red" # # Send text ########### # curl -s $SMSrelay_url -d number=$phone -d "message=$text_message" > /dev/null # exit