django之--choices参数

choices参数(数据库字段设计常见)

'''
针对某个可以列举完全的可能性字段，
只要某个字段的可能性是可以列举完全，那么不出意外就用choices参数
'''
class User(models.Model):
    username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    age = models.IntegerField()
    # 性别
    gender_choices = (
        (1,'男'),
        (2,'女'),
        (3,'其他'),
    )
    gender = models.IntegerField(choices=gender_choices)
    # 成绩
    score_choices = (
        ('A','优秀'),
        ('B','良好'),
        ('C','及格'),
        ('D','不合格'),
    )
    # 保证字段类型跟列举出来的元祖第一个数据类型一致即可
    score = models.CharField(choices=score_choices,null=True)
    """
    该gender字段存的还是数字 但是如果存的数字在上面元祖列举的范围之内
    那么可以非常轻松的获取到数字对应的真正的内容
    
    1.gender字段存的数字不在上述元祖列举的范围内容
    2.如果在 如何获取对应的中文信息
    """
    
# choices使用：通过get_字段名_display()得形式来获取对应信息，
#            如果没有对应关系，那么字段里是什么就输出什么
from app01 import models
# choices在存的时候没有列举出来的数字也能够存入
# models.Test_User.objects.create(username='yumi', age=18, gender=1)
# models.Test_User.objects.create(username='rem', age=17, gender=0)
# models.Test_User.objects.create(username='egon', age=18, gender=2)
# choices在取得时候，通过get_gender_display()来获取对应信息，如果是没有对应关系，那么字段是什么就输出什么
obj = models.Test_User.objects.filter(pk=1).first()
print(obj.get_gender_display())

# 实际项目案例
# CRM相关内部表
class School(models.Model):
    """
    校区表
    如：
        北京沙河校区
        上海校区
    """
    title = models.CharField(verbose_name='校区名称', max_length=32)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

class Course(models.Model):
    """
    课程表
    如：
        Linux基础
        Linux架构师
        Python自动化开发精英班
        Python自动化开发架构师班
        Python基础班
        go基础班
    """
    name = models.CharField(verbose_name='课程名称', max_length=32)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Department(models.Model):
    """
    部门表
    市场部     1000
    销售       1001

    """
    title = models.CharField(verbose_name='部门名称', max_length=16)
    code = models.IntegerField(verbose_name='部门编号', unique=True, null=False)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

class UserInfo(models.Model):
    """
    员工表
    """

    name = models.CharField(verbose_name='员工姓名', max_length=16)
    email = models.EmailField(verbose_name='邮箱', max_length=64)
    depart = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='部门', to="Department",to_field="code")
    user=models.OneToOneField("User",default=1)
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class ClassList(models.Model):
    """
    班级表
    如：
        Python全栈  面授班  5期  10000  2017-11-11  2018-5-11
    """
    school = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='校区', to='School')
    course = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='课程名称', to='Course')
    semester = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="班级(期)")


    price = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="学费")
    start_date = models.DateField(verbose_name="开班日期")
    graduate_date = models.DateField(verbose_name="结业日期", null=True, blank=True)
    memo = models.CharField(verbose_name='说明', max_length=256, blank=True, null=True, )

    teachers = models.ManyToManyField(verbose_name='任课老师', to='UserInfo',limit_choices_to={'depart':1002})
    tutor = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='班主任', to='UserInfo',related_name="class_list",limit_choices_to={'depart':1006})


    def __str__(self):
        return "{0}({1}期)".format(self.course.name, self.semester)


class Customer(models.Model):
    """
    客户表
    """
    qq = models.CharField(verbose_name='qq', max_length=64, unique=True, help_text='QQ号必须唯一')

    name = models.CharField(verbose_name='学生姓名', max_length=16)
    gender_choices = ((1, '男'), (2, '女'))
    gender = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name='性别', choices=gender_choices)

    education_choices = (
        (1, '重点大学'),
        (2, '普通本科'),
        (3, '独立院校'),
        (4, '民办本科'),
        (5, '大专'),
        (6, '民办专科'),
        (7, '高中'),
        (8, '其他')
    )
    education = models.IntegerField(verbose_name='学历', choices=education_choices, blank=True, null=True, )
    graduation_school = models.CharField(verbose_name='毕业学校', max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)
    major = models.CharField(verbose_name='所学专业', max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)

    experience_choices = [
        (1, '在校生'),
        (2, '应届毕业'),
        (3, '半年以内'),
        (4, '半年至一年'),
        (5, '一年至三年'),
        (6, '三年至五年'),
        (7, '五年以上'),
    ]
    experience = models.IntegerField(verbose_name='工作经验', blank=True, null=True, choices=experience_choices)
    work_status_choices = [
        (1, '在职'),
        (2, '无业')
    ]
    work_status = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="职业状态", choices=work_status_choices, default=1, blank=True,
                                      null=True)
    company = models.CharField(verbose_name="目前就职公司", max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)
    salary = models.CharField(verbose_name="当前薪资", max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)

    source_choices = [
        (1, "qq群"),
        (2, "内部转介绍"),
        (3, "官方网站"),
        (4, "百度推广"),
        (5, "360推广"),
        (6, "搜狗推广"),
        (7, "腾讯课堂"),
        (8, "广点通"),
        (9, "高校宣讲"),
        (10, "渠道代理"),
        (11, "51cto"),
        (12, "智汇推"),
        (13, "网盟"),
        (14, "DSP"),
        (15, "SEO"),
        (16, "其它"),
    ]
    source = models.SmallIntegerField('客户来源', choices=source_choices, default=1)
    referral_from = models.ForeignKey(
        'self',
        blank=True,
        null=True,
        verbose_name="转介绍自学员",
        help_text="若此客户是转介绍自内部学员,请在此处选择内部学员姓名",
        related_name="internal_referral"
    )
    course = models.ManyToManyField(verbose_name="咨询课程", to="Course")

    status_choices = [
        (1, "已报名"),
        (2, "未报名")
    ]
    status = models.IntegerField(
        verbose_name="状态",
        choices=status_choices,
        default=2,
        help_text=u"选择客户此时的状态"
    )

    consultant = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="课程顾问", to='UserInfo', related_name='consultanter',limit_choices_to={'depart':1001})

    date = models.DateField(verbose_name="咨询日期", auto_now_add=True)
    recv_date = models.DateField(verbose_name="当前课程顾问的接单日期", null=True)
    last_consult_date = models.DateField(verbose_name="最后跟进日期", )

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class ConsultRecord(models.Model):
    """
    客户跟进记录
    """
    customer = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="所咨询客户", to='Customer')
    consultant = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="跟踪人", to='UserInfo',limit_choices_to={'depart':1001})
    date = models.DateField(verbose_name="跟进日期", auto_now_add=True)
    note = models.TextField(verbose_name="跟进内容...")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.customer.name + ":" + self.consultant.name

class Student(models.Model):
    """
    学生表（已报名）
    """
    customer = models.OneToOneField(verbose_name='客户信息', to='Customer')
    class_list = models.ManyToManyField(verbose_name="已报班级", to='ClassList', blank=True)

    emergency_contract = models.CharField(max_length=32, blank=True, null=True, verbose_name='紧急联系人')
    company = models.CharField(verbose_name='公司', max_length=128, blank=True, null=True)
    location = models.CharField(max_length=64, verbose_name='所在区域', blank=True, null=True)
    position = models.CharField(verbose_name='岗位', max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)
    salary = models.IntegerField(verbose_name='薪资', blank=True, null=True)
    welfare = models.CharField(verbose_name='福利', max_length=256, blank=True, null=True)
    date = models.DateField(verbose_name='入职时间', help_text='格式yyyy-mm-dd', blank=True, null=True)
    memo = models.CharField(verbose_name='备注', max_length=256, blank=True, null=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.customer.name

class ClassStudyRecord(models.Model):
    """
    上课记录表 （班级记录）
    """
    class_obj = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="班级", to="ClassList")
    day_num = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="节次", help_text=u"此处填写第几节课或第几天课程...,必须为数字")
    teacher = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="讲师", to='UserInfo',limit_choices_to={'depart':1002})
    date = models.DateField(verbose_name="上课日期", auto_now_add=True)

    course_title = models.CharField(verbose_name='本节课程标题', max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)
    course_memo = models.TextField(verbose_name='本节课程内容概要', blank=True, null=True)
    has_homework = models.BooleanField(default=True, verbose_name="本节有作业")
    homework_title = models.CharField(verbose_name='本节作业标题', max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)
    homework_memo = models.TextField(verbose_name='作业描述', max_length=500, blank=True, null=True)
    exam = models.TextField(verbose_name='踩分点', max_length=300, blank=True, null=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return "{0} day{1}".format(self.class_obj, self.day_num)

class StudentStudyRecord(models.Model):
    '''
    学生学习记录
    '''
    classstudyrecord = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="第几天课程", to="ClassStudyRecord")
    student = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="学员", to='Student')
    record_choices = (('checked', "已签到"),
                      ('vacate', "请假"),
                      ('late', "迟到"),
                      ('noshow', "缺勤"),
                      ('leave_early', "早退"),
                      )
    record = models.CharField("上课纪录", choices=record_choices, default="checked", max_length=64)
    score_choices = ((100, 'A+'),
                     (90, 'A'),
                     (85, 'B+'),
                     (80, 'B'),
                     (70, 'B-'),
                     (60, 'C+'),
                     (50, 'C'),
                     (40, 'C-'),
                     (0, ' D'),
                     (-1, 'N/A'),
                     (-100, 'COPY'),
                     (-1000, 'FAIL'),
                     )
    score = models.IntegerField("本节成绩", choices=score_choices, default=-1)
    homework_note = models.CharField(verbose_name='作业评语', max_length=255, blank=True, null=True)
    note = models.CharField(verbose_name="备注", max_length=255, blank=True, null=True)

    homework = models.FileField(verbose_name='作业文件', blank=True, null=True, default=None)
    stu_memo = models.TextField(verbose_name='学员备注', blank=True, null=True)
    date = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='提交作业日期', auto_now_add=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return "{0}-{1}".format(self.classstudyrecord, self.student)
         
"""
chocies参数使用场景是非常广泛的
"""

MTV与MVC模型

# MTV:Django号称是MTV模型
M:models
T:templates
V:views
# MVC:其实django本质也是MVC
M:models
V:views
C:controller（urls.py）
  
# vue框架:MVVM模型

多对多关系的三种创建方式

# 全自动：利用orm自动帮我们创建第三张关系表
class Student(models.Model):
    stu_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    course = models.ManyToManyField('Course')

class Course(models.Model):
    cname = models.CharField(max_length=30)


# 纯手动
class Student(models.Model):
    stu_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    course = models.ManyToManyField('Course')

class Course(models.Model):
    cname = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    
class Student2Course(models.Model):
    stu_id = models.ForeignKey(to='Student')
    cid = models.ForeignKey(to='Course')
    
    
# 半自动
class Student(models.Model):
    stu_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    course = models.ManyToManyField('Course',
                                    through='Student2Course',
                                    through_fields=('stu', 'course'))
    
class Course(models.Model):
    cname = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    
class Student2Course(models.Model):
    # 关联字段
    stu = models.ForeignKey(to='Student')
    course = models.ForeignKey(to='Course')
    
    
'''
全自动
    优点：代码书写便捷，orm都帮我写好了，并且还给我们提供了操作第三张表得方法
    缺点：可扩展性太差，无发对第三张关系表添加字段

纯手动（不建议使用）
    优点：由于所有的外键都是自己写，可扩展性加强了
    缺点：无法使用orm所提供的简单方法了
        (正反向查询、双下划线查询、set、add、remove、claear)

半自动（推荐使用、留后路）
    优点：可以使用orm提供的正反向查询，也增强了可扩展性
    缺点：但是orm提供的set、add、remove、claear这四个方法无法使用
    through参数后面跟自己建的第三张关系表
    through_fields参数后面跟元组
        元组内字段的先后顺序判断：
            本质：通过第三张表查询对应的表，需要哪个字段就把哪个字段放在前面
            大白话：当前表是谁 就把对应的关联字段放前面
'''