现在主流的Web MVC框架除了Struts这个主力 外,其次就是Spring MVC了,因此这也是作为一名程序员需要掌握的主流框架,框架选择多了,应对多变的需求和业务时,可实行的方案自然就多了。不过要想灵活运用Spring MVC来应对大多数的Web开发,就必须要掌握它的配置及原理。
一、Spring MVC环境搭建:(Spring 2.5.6 + Hibernate 3.2.0)
1. jar包引入
Spring 2.5.6:spring.jar、spring-webmvc.jar、commons-logging.jar、cglib-nodep-2.1_3.jar
Hibernate 3.6.8:hibernate3.jar、hibernate-jpa-2.0-api-1.0.1.Final.jar、antlr- 2.7.6.jar、commons-collections-3.1、dom4j-1.6.1.jar、javassist- 3.12.0.GA.jar、jta-1.1.jar、slf4j-api-1.6.1.jar、slf4j-nop-1.6.4.jar、相应数据库的 驱动jar包
2. web.xml配置(部分)
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<!-- Spring MVC配置 --> <!-- ====================================== --> < servlet > < servlet-name >spring</ servlet-name > < servlet-class >org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</ servlet-class > <!-- 可以自定义servlet.xml配置文件的位置和名称,默认为WEB-INF目录下,名称为[<servlet-name>]-servlet.xml,如spring-servlet.xml <init-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>/WEB-INF/spring-servlet.xml</param-value> 默认 </init-param> --> < load-on-startup >1</ load-on-startup > </ servlet > < servlet-mapping > < servlet-name >spring</ servlet-name > < url-pattern >*.do</ url-pattern > </ servlet-mapping > <!-- Spring配置 --> <!-- ====================================== --> < listener > < listener-class >org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</ listener-class > </ listener > <!-- 指定Spring Bean的配置文件所在目录。默认配置在WEB-INF目录下 --> < context-param > < param-name >contextConfigLocation</ param-name > < param-value >classpath:config/applicationContext.xml</ param-value > </ context-param > |
3. spring-servlet.xml配置
spring-servlet这个名字是因为上面web.xml中<servlet-name>标签配的值为 spring(<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>),再加上“-servlet”后缀而 形成的spring-servlet.xml文件名,如果改为springMVC,对应的文件名则为springMVC-servlet.xml。
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<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?> < beans xmlns = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" xmlns:context = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-3.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context <a href = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd" >http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd</ a >"> <!-- 启用spring mvc 注解 --> < context:annotation-config /> <!-- 设置使用注解的类所在的jar包 --> < context:component-scan base-package = "controller" ></ context:component-scan > <!-- 完成请求和注解POJO的映射 --> < bean class = "org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter" /> <!-- 对转向页面的路径解析。prefix:前缀, suffix:后缀 --> < bean class = "org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver" p:prefix = "/jsp/" p:suffix = ".jsp" /> </ beans > |
4. applicationContext.xml配置
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<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?> < beans xmlns = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:aop = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop" xmlns:tx = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx" xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.5.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.5.xsd"> <!-- 采用hibernate.cfg.xml方式配置数据源 --> < bean id = "sessionFactory" class = "org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.LocalSessionFactoryBean" > < property name = "configLocation" > < value >classpath:config/hibernate.cfg.xml</ value > </ property > </ bean > <!-- 将事务与Hibernate关联 --> < bean id = "transactionManager" class = "org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateTransactionManager" > < property name = "sessionFactory" > < ref local = "sessionFactory" /> </ property > </ bean > <!-- 事务(注解 )--> < tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager = "transactionManager" proxy-target-class = "true" /> <!-- 测试Service --> < bean id = "loginService" class = "service.LoginService" ></ bean > <!-- 测试Dao --> < bean id = "hibernateDao" class = "dao.HibernateDao" > < property name = "sessionFactory" ref = "sessionFactory" ></ property > </ bean > </ beans > |
二、详解
Spring MVC与Struts从原理上很相似(都是基于MVC架构),都有一个控制页面请求的Servlet,处理完后跳转页面。看如下代码(注解):
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package controller; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam; import entity.User; @Controller //类似Struts的Action public class TestController { @RequestMapping ( "test/login.do" ) // 请求url地址映射,类似Struts的action-mapping public String testLogin( @RequestParam (value= "username" )String username, String password, HttpServletRequest request) { // @RequestParam是指请求url地址映射中必须含有的参数(除非属性required=false) // @RequestParam可简写为:@RequestParam("username") if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password)) { return "loginError" ; // 跳转页面路径(默认为转发),该路径不需要包含spring-servlet配置文件中配置的前缀和后缀 } return "loginSuccess" ; } @RequestMapping ( "/test/login2.do" ) public ModelAndView testLogin2(String username, String password, int age){ // request和response不必非要出现在方法中,如果用不上的话可以去掉 // 参数的名称是与页面控件的name相匹配,参数类型会自动被转换 if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password) || age < 5 ) { return new ModelAndView( "loginError" ); // 手动实例化ModelAndView完成跳转页面(转发),效果等同于上面的方法返回字符串 } return new ModelAndView( new RedirectView( "../index.jsp" )); // 采用重定向方式跳转页面 // 重定向还有一种简单写法 // return new ModelAndView("redirect:../index.jsp"); } @RequestMapping ( "/test/login3.do" ) public ModelAndView testLogin3(User user) { // 同样支持参数为表单对象,类似于Struts的ActionForm,User不需要任何配置,直接写即可 String username = user.getUsername(); String password = user.getPassword(); int age = user.getAge(); if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password) || age < 5 ) { return new ModelAndView( "loginError" ); } return new ModelAndView( "loginSuccess" ); } @Resource (name = "loginService" ) // 获取applicationContext.xml中bean的id为loginService的,并注入 private LoginService loginService; //等价于spring传统注入方式写get和set方法,这样的好处是简洁工整,省去了不必要得代码 @RequestMapping ( "/test/login4.do" ) public String testLogin4(User user) { if (loginService.login(user) == false ) { return "loginError" ; } return "loginSuccess" ; } } |
以上4个方法示例,是一个Controller里含有不同的请求url,也可以采用一个url访问,通过url参数来区分访问不同的方法,代码如下:
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package controller; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod; @Controller @RequestMapping ( "/test2/login.do" ) // 指定唯一一个*.do请求关联到该Controller public class TestController2 { @RequestMapping public String testLogin(String username, String password, int age) { // 如果不加任何参数,则在请求/test2/login.do时,便默认执行该方法 if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password) || age < 5 ) { return "loginError" ; } return "loginSuccess" ; } @RequestMapping (params = "method=1" , method=RequestMethod.POST) public String testLogin2(String username, String password) { // 依据params的参数method的值来区分不同的调用方法 // 可以指定页面请求方式的类型,默认为get请求 if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password)) { return "loginError" ; } return "loginSuccess" ; } @RequestMapping (params = "method=2" ) public String testLogin3(String username, String password, int age) { if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password) || age < 5 ) { return "loginError" ; } return "loginSuccess" ; } } |
其实RequestMapping在Class上,可看做是父Request请求url,而RequestMapping在方法上的可看做是子 Request请求url,父子请求url最终会拼起来与页面请求url进行匹配,因此RequestMapping也可以这么写:
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package controller; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; @Controller @RequestMapping ( "/test3/*" ) // 父request请求url public class TestController3 { @RequestMapping ( "login.do" ) // 子request请求url,拼接后等价于/test3/login.do public String testLogin(String username, String password, int age) { if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password) || age < 5 ) { return "loginError" ; } return "loginSuccess" ; } } |
三、结束语
掌握以上这些Spring MVC就已经有了很好的基础了,几乎可应对与任何开发,在熟练掌握这些后,便可更深层次的灵活运用的技术,如多种视图技术,例如 Jsp、Velocity、Tiles、iText 和 POI。Spring MVC框架并不知道使用的视图,所以不会强迫您只使用 JSP 技术。