Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor .—Columbia Encyclopedia .
翻译是用另一种语言重新组合作品而不失其原有风格的艺术
译事三难：信(忠实于原文)、达(通顺，流利)、雅 (优美，优雅)。——严复
The standard of true(信) . The standard fluent(达) . The standard of beauty(雅) .
(12-14)译文准确表达了原文的意思。用词贴切,行文流畅。,基本上无语言错误,仅有个别小错。 (雅)
(9-11)译文基本上表达了原文的意思文字通顺、连贯,无重大语错误。 (达)
(6-8)译文勉强表达了原文的意思。用词欠准确,语言错误相当多,其中有些是严重语言错误。 (信)
翻译本天成，妙手偶得之
It was a splendid population——for all the slow, sleepy , sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home .（懒散的树懒）
(出来的)这帮人个个出类拔萃——因为凡是呆板、呆滞、呆头呆脑的呆子都待在了家里。
一、修饰后置：
汉语：修饰+核心 A good person .
英语：核心+修饰 这是一个人 A person who is good.
(定语从句)后置要件：①长 ②元素复杂
小技巧①：如果中文直接翻译英文比较难，可以中文—>中文—>英文(C—>C—>E)
汉语：头衔+姓名+何时逝世 伟大的领袖李在1942逝世了
英语：姓名+头衔+逝世+何时何地 Li who used to be a famous person was dead in 1942 .
我国的端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)是为了纪念古代诗人屈原的日子。
The Dragon Boast Festival is a day in memory of the ancient poet Quyuan.（①介词的使用或者 to remember）
“结”在中文里意味着爱情、婚姻和团聚。(“结”意味着爱情、婚姻和团聚在中文里。English)
The knot means love , marriage and reunion in Chinese .(小技巧②同意转换 在一起:being together)
过中秋节的习俗于唐代早期在中国各地开始流行。(习俗+过中秋+开始流行+在中国各地+于唐代早期)
The tradition of celebrating Mid-Autumn festival became popular throughout China in the early Tang dynasty .
How hard is it to keep me fit in this lingering cold .让我在这种挥之不去的寒冷中保持健康有多难 [ˈlɪŋgərɪŋ]
一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到了本地农村学校就读。(学生+转往城市上学的+为接受更好教育+如今又回到了本地农村学校就读)
Some students who have transferred to schools in cities for better education are now back to their local schools .
对于[那些月薪较低却渴望在大城市拥有一套属于自己的体面、舒适的栖身之所的]人来说，高昂的房价是他们无法承受的负担。
简单：For those people who have little money but want to own a beautiful and comfortable place of their own in the big city .
复杂：For those who earn less but eager to own a decent and comfortable place of their own in a big city , the high housing price is a heavy burden that they cannot afford .
大学生之间的竞争也越来越激烈，这导致任何一名大学生找到工作的机会都变小了。（非限制性定语从句：这、该、其）
The competition among graduates (college students) has become more and more fierce, which results that the chance that any individual graduate finds a job has decreased .
剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征着健康和兴旺。
The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red , which symbolizes heath and prosperity .
中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。
Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world , which is often given as a present to foreign friends.
中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。
Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years , which was particularly widespread during the Ming and Qing Dynasties .
中国教育工作者早就意识到读书对于国家的重要意义。有些教育工作者2003年就建议建立全民读书日。
Chinese educators have realized the significance of reading to our country for a long time , some of who suggested setting up the National Reading Day in 2003.
中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。构成现代世界基础的许多元素都起源于中国。
(Low)
China is one of the most ancient civilizations in the world . Many elements that construct the foundation of the modern world originate in China.
(High)
China is one of the most ancient civilizations in the world, where many elements that construct the foundation of the modern world originate in(were from).
我爱你青松气质，我爱你红梅品格。
我爱你家乡的甜蔗，好像乳汁滋润着我的心窝。temperament : [ˈtemprəmənt] 性格，气质 sugarcane ['ʃʊgəˌkeɪn] 甘蔗
I love your temperament of the pine , and your character of red plum.红梅
I love your sugarcane in our hometown , which moistens my heart like breast milk .
修饰后置第3点：插入语或同位语
旅游业是最近二十年来在世界各地迅速发展的一个行业，现在正引起中国公众越来越大的注意。
旅游业+迅速发展的一个行业+最近二十年+在世界各地，现在正引起越来越大的注意+中国公众。
Tourism is a fast developing industry for the last two decades all over the world, which now draws more and more attention of Chinese public.
小技巧③英语被动要体现出来，而中文不需要
世界贸易组织是成立于1995年1月1日，目的是确保一个稳定的全球贸易经济环境。(全球贸易经济后置)
The WTO was founded on January 1st , 1995, which aims to ensure a stable environment of trading and economy in the world (global).
合并讲解：
做秘书与人们所想象的不同
Being a secretary is different from what people would imagine .
做秘书是一份非常复杂的需要组织、协调和沟通能力的工作。
Being a secretary is a very complex job which needs the ability to organize , coordinate and communicate .
做秘书与人们所想象的不同，是一份非常复杂的需要组织、协调和沟通能力的工作。
Being a secretary is different from what people would imagine which is a very complex job that needs the ability to organize , coordinate and communicate .
Being a secretary , different from what people would imagine , is a very complex job which needs the ability to organize , coordinate and communicate .
③插入语{①be去掉②加逗号，去掉which}
旅游业是最近二十年来在世界各地迅速发展的一个行业，现在正引起中国公众越来越大的注意。
Tourism , a fast developing industry for the last two decades all over the world , now draws more and more attention of Chinese public .
世界贸易组织是成立于1995年1月1日，目的是确保一个稳定的全球贸易经济环境。
The WTO , founded on January 1st, 1995 , aims to ensure a stable environment of global trading and economy .
使用插入语条件：①首句 ②名词解释
③双逗号之间的句子分析的时候可以省略，更贴合作者的意思(更合适)。
④分析名词解释型句子时要先在名词后加逗号。
《三国演义》由罗贯中创作于14世纪，是一步中国历史题材小说。
Romance of Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century , is a Chinese history novel .(a novel based on Chinese history stories).
中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为振兴华夏做出了巨大贡献。
Traditional Chinese Medicine, an crutical part of Chinese culture , has made great contributions to the development (and prosperity) of China .繁荣
小技巧④造词法：n+v+后缀 time-saving 省时间的 money-saving 省钱的 money-wasting 浪费钱的 art-maker手工艺人
真题：
中国结(the Chinese knot)最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。
The Chinese knot ,originally invented by craftsmen , (which) has become a kind of elegant and colorful arts and crafts after hundreds of years of continuous improvement .连续的
大熊猫(giant panda)是一种温顺的动物，长着独特的黑白皮毛。因其数量极少，大熊猫已被列为濒危物种。
The giant panda is a sort of peaceful animal with unique white and black fur , which has been listed as an endangered species because of its rarity .稀有
The giant panda , a sort of peaceful animal with unique white and black fur , has been listed as an endangered species because of its rarity .(去掉is，加逗号，去掉which)
New Oriental
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 维基百科，自由的百科全书
New Oriental Education & Technology Group Inc., more commonly New Oriental (Simplified Chinese 新东方), is a provider of private educational services in China.是中国私立教育服务提供商
修饰后置小结
1.介词使用(Of/to/in..)
2.定语从句(限制性/非限制性)
3.插入语或同位语(首句名词解释）
二、多动句
春天来了，花开了，河水化了，阳光洒在大地上。(不是多动句，因为有多个主语)
我们来到了小河边，来到了田野里，来到了山岗上。(是多动句，一个主语，多个动词)
多动句(主语相同）
体重是我的大问题，因为它决定着我找男朋友和未来嫁出去的可能性。(体重+决定着+可能性)
My weight is a big problem because it determines the possibility of my finding an excellent boyfriend and getting married in the future .
2011年3月日本核电站事故后，中国的核能开发停了下来，终止审批新的核电站，并开展全国性的核安全检查。
After Japan’s nuclear power accident in March 2011 , China stopped nuclear development , terminated approving new nuclear power plant, and started nuclear security checking .
特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。
(小技巧⑤如果分辨不出谁是主动词，谁是次动词，就找离主语最近的动词(主动词))
doing 表明主语和对象之间的关系是主动，被动用done ,表目的用to do 三个字用to do (以，去，来)
During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations , in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms(in order )to enhance the joyous atmosphere .
Love really needs courage to face gossip 。爱真的需要勇气
鉴于这一状况，政府进来采取了一些列的措施来防止房价过快增长，包括提高利率及增加房产税等。
For this reason , the government has taken a series of measures to prevent the housing price from raising too fast , including taxes on real estate etc.
美国网民更多的是受实际需要的驱使，用互联网为工具发电子邮件、买卖商品、做研究、规划旅程或付款。
Americans netizens are more driven by practical needs , using Internet as a tool to send emails, buy and sell goods, conduct researches , plan trips or pay bills .
北京计划未来三年投资7，600亿元治理污染，从减少PM2.5排放入手。
Beijing has planned to invest 760 billion yuan to tackle pollution in the coming three years, starting from reducing the PM2.5 emissions .
Socrates , condemned to death by the citizens of Athens, prepares to drink a cup of hemlock , surrounded by woebegone friends .
苏格拉底被雅典市民判处死刑，他们准备喝一杯铁杉，周围是悲伤的朋友。
多动句小结：
1、动词之间地位相同：V1,V2,…, and Vn
2、动词之间有主次之分：找到主动词，其他用doing done 或者 to do .(一般，离主语最近的动词是主动词)
3、不知道谁主谁次： 用连词
三、无主句：
松下问童子，言师采药去。只在此山中，云深不知处。
(我)松下问童子，(童子)言师采药去。(师傅)只在此山中，云深(童子)不知处。
①补主语 (文学作品翻译)
I asked the boy beneath the pines, He said , “The master has gone alone”.
必须保证每天八小时的睡眠。
We must guarantee Eight hours’ sleep everyday .
山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村。
There is a poem from the Southern Song Dynasty that reads: "After endless mountains and rivers that leave doubt whether there is a path out, suddenly one encounters the shade of a willow ,bright flowers and a lovely viliage ,
中国人与狗不能入内。
Chinese and dogs can’t go in .
Chinese and dogs are not admitted .
必须保证每天八小时的睡眠。(②变被动)八小时的睡眠+必须被保证
Eight hours’ sleep must be guaranteed everyday .
整个义务教育阶段，要求学生在每学期末参加期末考试。
Throughout the whole process of compulsory education , students are required to take final examination .
因此，强烈建议大学生在课余时间做一些兼职工作，以积累相关的的工作经验。修饰后置+多动句+无主句
①在课余时间修饰做兼职放在后面，②多动句两个动词(做工作，以积累工作经验)，③无主句(变被动)
Therefore college students are strongly suggested to do part-time jobs in their spare time to accumulate relevant working experience .
人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。
People often use paper cuttings to make their homes beautiful .
Paper cuttings are often used to beautify people’s residences .
小技巧⑥汉语不带被动，翻译成英文带被动：例如新中国在1949年建立
中国结常常作为礼物交换或用作饰品祈求好运和辟邪。(中国结被作为礼物)
The Chinese knot is often used to exchange as a gift or pray for good luck and drive away bad luck as an ornament [ˈɔ:nəmənt].
随着技术和安全措施的改进，发生事故的可能性完全可以降低到最低程度。
With the improvement of technology and safety measures , the possibility of accidents can totally be minimized .[ˈmɪnɪmaɪz] 减少,把..减到最低。
③非人主语+有、存在。
在上的那边海的那边有一群蓝精灵…
There be 句型
必须保证每天八小时的睡眠。
There is Eight hours’ sleep that must be guaranteed everyday .
2010年，中国约有4.2亿网民(netizen), 且还在迅速增长。
In the year of 2010 , there were about 420 million netizens in China, and the number is still growing rapidly .
中西方饮食文化存在极大的差异。
There are great differences between Chinese and western eating habits .
Great differences exist between Chinese and western eating habits .
中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧(Peking Opera )是一个具有代表性的剧种。
There are many kinds of local operas in China, one of which is Peking Opera , a representative one .其中之一
在当今世界上的190多个国家中，世界贸易组织的成员国(member country)有158个。
There are more than 190 countries in the world today .
There are 158 member countries in the WTO.
There are more than 190 countries in the world today, 158 of which are member countries in the WTO.
无主句小结
1.补主语
We must guarantee Eight hours’ sleep everyday .
2.变被动
Eight hours’ sleep must be guaranteed everyday .
3.There be
There is Eight hours’ sleep that must be guaranteed everyday .
知识点回顾：
一、修饰后置
1.介词使用(Of/to/in..)
2.定语从句(限制性/非限制性)
3.插入语或同位语（首句名词解释）
二、多动句
1、动词之间地位相同：V1,V2,…, and Vn
2、动词之间有主次之分：找到主动词，其他用doing done 或者 to do .(一般，离主语最近的动词是主动词)
3、不知道谁主谁次： 用连词
三、无主句
1.补主语
We must guarantee Eight hours’ sleep everyday .
2.变被动
Eight hours’ sleep must be guaranteed everyday .
3.There be
There is Eight hours’ sleep that must be guaranteed everyday .
