• 二.面向对象进阶

    isinstance和issubclass

    isinstance(obj,cls)检查是否obj是否是类 cls 的对象

    class Foo(object):
     pass
  
obj = Foo()
  
isinstance(obj, Foo)

    issubclass(sub, super)检查sub类是否是 super 类的派生类 

    复制代码
    class Foo(object):
    pass
 
class Bar(Foo):
    pass
 
issubclass(Bar, Foo)
    复制代码

    反射

    1 什么是反射

    反射的概念是由Smith在1982年首次提出的，主要是指程序可以访问、检测和修改它本身状态或行为的一种能力（自省）。这一概念的提出很快引发了计算机科学领域关于应用反射性的研究。它首先被程序语言的设计领域所采用,并在Lisp和面向对象方面取得了成绩。

    2 python面向对象中的反射：通过字符串的形式操作对象相关的属性。python中的一切事物都是对象（都可以使用反射）

    四个可以实现自省的函数

    下列方法适用于类和对象（一切皆对象，类本身也是一个对象）

    复制代码
    def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """
    Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
    
    This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
    """
    pass
    复制代码
    复制代码
    def getattr(object, name, default=None): # known special case of getattr
    """
    getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value
    
    Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
    When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
    exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
    """
    pass
    复制代码
    复制代码
    def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
    
    setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''
    """
    pass
    复制代码
    复制代码
    def delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
    
    delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''
    """
    pass
    复制代码
    复制代码
    class Foo:
    f = '类的静态变量'
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say_hi(self):
        print('hi,%s'%self.name)

obj=Foo('egon',73)

#检测是否含有某属性
print(hasattr(obj,'name'))
print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi'))

#获取属性
n=getattr(obj,'name')
print(n)
func=getattr(obj,'say_hi')
func()

print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #报错

#设置属性
setattr(obj,'sb',True)
setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb')
print(obj.__dict__)
print(obj.show_name(obj))

#删除属性
delattr(obj,'age')
delattr(obj,'show_name')
delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,则报错

print(obj.__dict__)
    复制代码
    复制代码
    class Foo(object):
 
    staticField = "old boy"
 
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'wupeiqi'
 
    def func(self):
        return 'func'
 
    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return 'bar'
 
print getattr(Foo, 'staticField')
print getattr(Foo, 'func')
print getattr(Foo, 'bar')
    复制代码
    复制代码
    #!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import sys


def s1():
    print 's1'


def s2():
    print 's2'


this_module = sys.modules[__name__]

hasattr(this_module, 's1')
getattr(this_module, 's2')
    复制代码

    导入其他模块，利用反射查找该模块是否存在某个方法

    #!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

def test():
    print('from the test')
    复制代码
    #!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
"""
程序目录：
    module_test.py
    index.py
 
当前文件：
    index.py
"""

import module_test as obj

#obj.test()

print(hasattr(obj,'test'))

getattr(obj,'test')()
    复制代码

    __str__和__repr__

    改变对象的字符串显示__str__,__repr__

    自定制格式化字符串__format__

    复制代码
    #_*_coding:utf-8_*_

format_dict={
    'nat':'{obj.name}-{obj.addr}-{obj.type}',#学校名-学校地址-学校类型
    'tna':'{obj.type}:{obj.name}:{obj.addr}',#学校类型:学校名:学校地址
    'tan':'{obj.type}/{obj.addr}/{obj.name}',#学校类型/学校地址/学校名
}
class School:
    def __init__(self,name,addr,type):
        self.name=name
        self.addr=addr
        self.type=type

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'School(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)
    def __str__(self):
        return '(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)

    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        # if format_spec
        if not format_spec or format_spec not in format_dict:
            format_spec='nat'
        fmt=format_dict[format_spec]
        return fmt.format(obj=self)

s1=School('oldboy1','北京','私立')
print('from repr: ',repr(s1))
print('from str: ',str(s1))
print(s1)

'''
str函数或者print函数--->obj.__str__()
repr或者交互式解释器--->obj.__repr__()
如果__str__没有被定义,那么就会使用__repr__来代替输出
注意:这俩方法的返回值必须是字符串,否则抛出异常
'''
print(format(s1,'nat'))
print(format(s1,'tna'))
print(format(s1,'tan'))
print(format(s1,'asfdasdffd'))
    复制代码
    复制代码
    class B:

     def __str__(self):
         return 'str : class B'

     def __repr__(self):
         return 'repr : class B'


b=B()
print('%s'%b)
print('%r'%b)
    复制代码

    item系列

    __getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem__

    复制代码
    class Foo:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        print(self.__dict__[item])

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.__dict__[key]=value
    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print('del obj[key]时,我执行')
        self.__dict__.pop(key)
    def __delattr__(self, item):
        print('del obj.key时,我执行')
        self.__dict__.pop(item)

f1=Foo('sb')
f1['age']=18
f1['age1']=19
del f1.age1
del f1['age']
f1['name']='alex'
print(f1.__dict__)
    复制代码

    __del__

    析构方法，当对象在内存中被释放时，自动触发执行。

    注：此方法一般无须定义，因为Python是一门高级语言，程序员在使用时无需关心内存的分配和释放，因为此工作都是交给Python解释器来执行，所以，析构函数的调用是由解释器在进行垃圾回收时自动触发执行的。

     简单示范

    __new__

    复制代码
    class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1
        print('in init function')
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print('in new function')
        return object.__new__(A)

a = A()
print(a.x)
    复制代码
    复制代码
    class Singleton:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            cls._instance = object.__new__(cls)
        return cls._instance

one = Singleton()
two = Singleton()

two.a = 3
print(one.a)
# 3
# one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is检测
print(id(one))
# 29097904
print(id(two))
# 29097904
print(one == two)
# True
print(one is two)

单例模式
    复制代码

    __call__

    对象后面加括号，触发执行。

    注：构造方法的执行是由创建对象触发的，即：对象 = 类名() ；而对于 __call__ 方法的执行是由对象后加括号触发的，即：对象() 或者 类()()

    复制代码
    class Foo:

    def __init__(self):
        pass
    
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

        print('__call__')


obj = Foo() # 执行 __init__
obj()       # 执行 __call__
    复制代码

    with和__enter__,__exit__

    复制代码
    class A:
    def __enter__(self):
        print('before')

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        print('after')


with A() as a:
    print('123')
    复制代码
    复制代码
    class A:
    def __init__(self):
        print('init')
        
    def __enter__(self):
        print('before')

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        print('after')


with A() as a:
    print('123')
    复制代码
    复制代码
    class Myfile:
    def __init__(self,path,mode='r',encoding = 'utf-8'):
        self.path = path
        self.mode = mode
        self.encoding = encoding

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode=self.mode, encoding=self.encoding)
        return self.f

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()


with Myfile('file',mode='w') as f:
    f.write('wahaha')
    复制代码
    复制代码
    import  pickle
class MyPickledump:
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode='ab')
        return self

    def dump(self,content):
        pickle.dump(content,self.f)

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

class Mypickleload:
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode='rb')
        return self


    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

    def load(self):
         return pickle.load(self.f)


    def loaditer(self):
        while True:
            try:
                yield  self.load()
            except EOFError:
                break



# with MyPickledump('file') as f:
#      f.dump({1,2,3,4})

with Mypickleload('file') as f:
    for item in f.loaditer():
        print(item)
    复制代码
    复制代码
    import  pickle
class MyPickledump:
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode='ab')
        return self

    def dump(self,content):
        pickle.dump(content,self.f)

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

class Mypickleload:
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode='rb')
        return self


    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

    def __iter__(self):
        while True:
            try:
                yield  pickle.load(self.f)
            except EOFError:
                break



# with MyPickledump('file') as f:
#      f.dump({1,2,3,4})

with Mypickleload('file') as f:
    for item in f:
        print(item)
    复制代码

    __len__

    复制代码
    class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()
print(len(a))
    复制代码

    __hash__

    复制代码
    class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()
print(hash(a))
    复制代码

    __eq__

    复制代码
    class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __eq__(self,obj):
        if  self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b:
            return True
a = A()
b = A()
print(a == b)
    复制代码
    复制代码
    class FranchDeck:
    ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2,11)] + list('JQKA')
    suits = ['红心','方板','梅花','黑桃']

    def __init__(self):
        self._cards = [Card(rank,suit) for rank in FranchDeck.ranks
                                        for suit in FranchDeck.suits]

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._cards)

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return self._cards[item]

deck = FranchDeck()
print(deck[0])
from random import choice
print(choice(deck))
print(choice(deck))
    复制代码
    复制代码
    class FranchDeck:
    ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2,11)] + list('JQKA')
    suits = ['红心','方板','梅花','黑桃']

    def __init__(self):
        self._cards = [Card(rank,suit) for rank in FranchDeck.ranks
                                        for suit in FranchDeck.suits]

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._cards)

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return self._cards[item]

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self._cards[key] = value

deck = FranchDeck()
print(deck[0])
from random import choice
print(choice(deck))
print(choice(deck))

from random import shuffle
shuffle(deck)
print(deck[:5])
    复制代码
    复制代码
    class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.name+self.sex)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self.name == other.name and self.sex == other.sex:return True


p_lst = []
for i in range(84):
    p_lst.append(Person('egon',i,'male'))

print(p_lst)
print(set(p_lst))
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  • 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/Rivend/p/11610726.html
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