爬虫必备—requests

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1. GET请求

 1 # 1、无参数实例
 2   
 3 import requests
 4   
 5 ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
 6   
 7 print(ret.url)
 8 print(ret.text)
 9   
10   
11   
12 # 2、有参数实例
13   
14 import requests
15   
16 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
17 ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
18   
19 print(ret.url)
20 print(ret.text)

2. POST请求

 1 # 1、基本POST实例
 2   
 3 import requests
 4   
 5 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
 6 ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
 7   
 8 print(ret.text)
 9   
10   
11 # 2、发送请求头和数据实例
12   
13 import requests
14 import json
15   
16 url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
17 payload = {'some': 'data'}
18 headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
19   
20 ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
21   
22 print(ret.text)
23 print(ret.cookies)

3. 其它请求

 1 requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
 2 requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
 3 requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
 4 requests.head(url, **kwargs)
 5 requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
 6 requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
 7 requests.options(url, **kwargs)
 8   
 9 # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
10 requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

4. 请求参数

 1 def request(method, url, **kwargs):
 2     """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
 3 
 4     :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
 5     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
 6     :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
 7     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
 8     :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
 9     :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
10     :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
11     :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
12         ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
13         or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
14         defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
15         to add for the file.
16     :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
17     :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
18         before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
19         timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
20     :type timeout: float or tuple
21     :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
22     :type allow_redirects: bool
23     :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
24     :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
25     :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
26     :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
27     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
28     :rtype: requests.Response
29 
30     Usage::
31 
32       >>> import requests
33       >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
34       <Response [200]>
35     """

参数列表

5. 参数示例

  1 def param_method_url():
  2     # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
  3     # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
  4     pass
  5 
  6 
  7 def param_param():
  8     # - 可以是字典
  9     # - 可以是字符串
 10     # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）
 11 
 12     # requests.request(method='get',
 13     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 14     # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
 15 
 16     # requests.request(method='get',
 17     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 18     # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
 19 
 20     # requests.request(method='get',
 21     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 22     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
 23 
 24     # 错误
 25     # requests.request(method='get',
 26     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 27     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
 28     pass
 29 
 30 
 31 def param_data():
 32     # 可以是字典
 33     # 可以是字符串
 34     # 可以是字节
 35     # 可以是文件对象
 36 
 37     # requests.request(method='POST',
 38     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 39     # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
 40 
 41     # requests.request(method='POST',
 42     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 43     # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
 44     # )
 45 
 46     # requests.request(method='POST',
 47     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 48     # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
 49     # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
 50     # )
 51 
 52     # requests.request(method='POST',
 53     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 54     # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
 55     # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
 56     # )
 57     pass
 58 
 59 
 60 def param_json():
 61     # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
 62     # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
 63     requests.request(method='POST',
 64                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 65                      json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
 66 
 67 
 68 def param_headers():
 69     # 发送请求头到服务器端
 70     requests.request(method='POST',
 71                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 72                      json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
 73                      headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
 74                      )
 75 
 76 
 77 def param_cookies():
 78     # 发送Cookie到服务器端
 79     requests.request(method='POST',
 80                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 81                      data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
 82                      cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
 83                      )
 84     # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
 85     from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
 86     from http.cookiejar import Cookie
 87 
 88     obj = CookieJar()
 89     obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
 90                           discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
 91                           port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
 92                    )
 93     requests.request(method='POST',
 94                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 95                      data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
 96                      cookies=obj)
 97 
 98 
 99 def param_files():
100     # 发送文件
101     # file_dict = {
102     # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
103     # }
104     # requests.request(method='POST',
105     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
106     # files=file_dict)
107 
108     # 发送文件，定制文件名
109     # file_dict = {
110     # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
111     # }
112     # requests.request(method='POST',
113     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
114     # files=file_dict)
115 
116     # 发送文件，定制文件名
117     # file_dict = {
118     # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
119     # }
120     # requests.request(method='POST',
121     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
122     # files=file_dict)
123 
124     # 发送文件，定制文件名
125     # file_dict = {
126     #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
127     # }
128     # requests.request(method='POST',
129     #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
130     #                  files=file_dict)
131 
132     pass
133 
134 
135 def param_auth():
136     from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
137 
138     ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
139     print(ret.text)
140 
141     # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
142     # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
143     # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
144     # print(ret.text)
145 
146     # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
147     # print(ret)
148     #
149 
150 
151 def param_timeout():
152     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
153     # print(ret)
154 
155     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
156     # print(ret)
157     pass
158 
159 
160 def param_allow_redirects():
161     ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
162     print(ret.text)
163 
164 
165 def param_proxies():
166     # proxies = {
167     # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
168     # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
169     # }
170 
171     # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}
172 
173     # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
174     # print(ret.headers)
175 
176 
177     # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
178     #
179     # proxyDict = {
180     # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
181     # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
182     # }
183     # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
184     #
185     # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
186     # print(r.text)
187 
188     pass
189 
190 
191 def param_stream():
192     ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
193     print(ret.content)
194     ret.close()
195 
196     # from contextlib import closing
197     # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
198     # # 在此处理响应。
199     # for i in r.iter_content():
200     # print(i)
201 
202 
203 def requests_session():
204     import requests
205 
206     session = requests.Session()
207 
208     ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
209 
210     i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
211 
212     ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
213     i2 = session.post(
214         url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
215         data={
216             'phone': "8615131255089",
217             'password': "xxxxxx",
218             'oneMonth': ""
219         }
220     )
221 
222     i3 = session.post(
223         url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
224     )
225     print(i3.text)

参数示例

6. requests模拟登陆GitHub

 1 import requests
 2 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 3 
 4 
 5 def login_github():
 6     """
 7     通过requests模块模拟浏览器登陆GitHub
 8     :return: 
 9     """
10     # 获取csrf_token
11     r1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')   # 获得get请求的对象
12     s1 = BeautifulSoup(r1.text, 'html.parser')      # 使用bs4解析HTML对象
13     token = s1.find('input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}).get('value')     # 获取登陆授权码，即csrf_token
14     get_cookies = r1.cookies.get_dict()     # 获取get请求的cookies，post请求时必须携带
15     
16     # 发送post登陆请求
17     '''
18     post登陆参数
19     commit    Sign+in
20     utf8    ✓
21     authenticity_token    E961jQMIyC9NPwL54YPj70gv2hbXWJ…fTUd+e4lT5RAizKbfzQo4eRHsfg==
22     login    JackUpDown（用户名）
23     password    **********（密码）
24     '''
25     r2 = requests.post(
26         'https://github.com/session',
27         data={
28             'commit': 'Sign+in',
29             'utf8': '✓',
30             'authenticity_token': token,
31             'login': 'JackUpDown',
32             'password': '**********'
33         },
34         cookies=get_cookies     # 携带get请求的cookies
35                        )
36     login_cookies = r2.cookies.get_dict()   # 获得登陆成功的cookies，携带此cookies就可以访问任意GitHub页面
37 
38     # 携带post cookies跳转任意页面
39     r3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails', cookies=login_cookies)
40     print(r3.text)

转载自：

1. http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6283017.html

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原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/OldJack/p/7445595.html