def hi(name="yasoob"): return "hi " + name print(hi()) # 我们甚至可以将一个函数赋值给一个变量,比如 greet=hi # 我们这里没有在使用小括号,因为我们并不是在调用hi函数 # 而是在将它放在greet变量里头。我们尝试运行下这个 print(greet(),greet,sep=' ') gre=hi() print(gre) ''' 以上输出为: hi yasoob hi yasoob <function hi at 0x00000240E0E71160> hi yasoob ''' # 如果我们删掉旧的hi函数,看看会发生什么! del hi # print(hi()) # outputs: NameError print(greet()) # outputs: 'hi yasoob' 全部输出为: ''' hi yasoob hi yasoob <function hi at 0x00000240E0F3DEE0> hi yasoob hi yasoob '''
参考:https://www.runoob.com/w3cnote/python-func-decorators.html
在函数中定义函数
刚才那些就是函数的基本知识了。我们来让你的知识更进一步。在 Python 中我们可以在一个函数中定义另一个函数:
def hi(name="yasoob"): print("now you are inside the hi() function") def greet1(): return "now you are in the greet1() function" def welcome(): return "now you are in the welcome() function" print(greet1()) print(welcome()) print("now you are back in the hi() function") print(hi()) # output:now you are inside the hi() function # now you are in the greet1() function # now you are in the welcome() function # now you are back in the hi() function # None # 上面展示了无论何时你调用hi(), greet1()和welcome()将会同时被调用。 # 然后greet1()和welcome()函数在hi()函数之外是不能访问的,比如: greet1() # outputs: NameError: name 'greet1' is not defined
那现在我们知道了可以在函数中定义另外的函数。也就是说:我们可以创建嵌套的函数。现在你需要再多学一点,就是函数也能返回函数。
从函数中返回函数
其实并不需要在一个函数里去执行另一个函数,我们也可以将其作为输出返回出来:
def hi(name="yasoob"): def greet1(): return "now you are in the greet1() function" def welcome(): return "now you are in the welcome() function" if name == "yasoob": return greet1 else: return welcome a = hi() print(a) #outputs: <function greet at 0x7f2143c01500> #上面清晰地展示了`a`现在指向到hi()函数中的greet1()函数 #现在试试这个 print(a()) #outputs: now you are in the greet1() function
再次看看这个代码。在 if/else 语句中我们返回 greet 和 welcome,而不是 greet() 和 welcome()。为什么那样?这是因为当你把一对小括号放在后面,这个函数就会执行;然而如果你不放括号在它后面,那它可以被到处传递,并且可以赋值给别的变量而不去执行它。 你明白了吗?让我再稍微多解释点细节。
当我们写下 a = hi(),hi() 会被执行,而由于 name 参数默认是 yasoob,所以函数 greet 被返回了。如果我们把语句改为 a = hi(name = "ali"),那么 welcome 函数将被返回。我们还可以打印出hi()(),这会输出 now you are in the greet() function。
def hi(name="yasoob"): def greet1(): return "now you are in the greet1() function" def welcome(): return "now you are in the welcome() function" if name == "yasoob": return greet1 else: return welcome a = hi() print(a,hi()(),sep=' ') 输出为: <function hi.<locals>.greet1 at 0x00000240E0EAAAF0> now you are in the greet1() function
将函数作为参数传给另一个函数
def hi(): return "hi yasoob!" def doSomethingBeforeHi(func): print("I am doing some boring work before executing hi()") print(func()) doSomethingBeforeHi(hi) #outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing hi() # hi yasoob!
现在你已经具备所有必需知识,来进一步学习装饰器真正是什么了。装饰器让你在一个函数的前后去执行代码。
你的第一个装饰器
在上一个例子里,其实我们已经创建了一个装饰器!现在我们修改下上一个装饰器,并编写一个稍微更有用点的程序:
def a_new_decorator(a_func): def wrapTheFunction(): print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()") a_func() print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()") return wrapTheFunction def a_function_requiring_decoration(): print("I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell") a_function_requiring_decoration() #outputs: "I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell" a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration) #now a_function_requiring_decoration is wrapped by wrapTheFunction() a_function_requiring_decoration() #outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing a_func() # I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell # I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()
你看明白了吗?我们刚刚应用了之前学习到的原理。这正是 python 中装饰器做的事情!它们封装一个函数,并且用这样或者那样的方式来修改它的行为。
现在你也许疑惑,我们在代码里并没有使用 @ 符号?那只是一个简短的方式来生成一个被装饰的函数。这里是我们如何使用 @ 来运行之前的代码:
@a_new_decorator def a_function_requiring_decoration(): """Hey you! Decorate me!""" print("I am the function which needs some decoration to " "remove my foul smell") a_function_requiring_decoration() #outputs: I am doing some boring work before executing a_func() # I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell # I am doing some boring work after executing a_func() #the @a_new_decorator is just a short way of saying: a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)