• 多线程系列教材 (三)- Java 多线程同步 synchronized 详解


    多线程的同步问题指的是多个线程同时修改一个数据的时候,可能导致的问题 

    多线程的问题,又叫Concurrency 问题

    步骤1:演示同步问题
    步骤2:分析同步问题产生的原因
    步骤3:解决思路
    步骤4:synchronized 同步对象概念
    步骤5:使用synchronized 解决同步问题
    步骤6:使用hero对象作为同步对象
    步骤7:在方法前,加上修饰符synchronized
    步骤8:线程安全的类
    步骤9:练习-在类方法前面加修饰符synchronized
    步骤10:答案-在类方法前面加修饰符synchronized
    步骤11:练习-线程安全的MyStack
    步骤12:答案-线程安全的MyStack

    步骤 1 : 演示同步问题

    假设盖伦有10000滴血,并且在基地里,同时又被对方多个英雄攻击
    就是有多个线程在减少盖伦的hp
    同时又有多个线程在恢复盖伦的hp
    假设线程的数量是一样的,并且每次改变的值都是1,那么所有线程结束后,盖伦应该还是10000滴血。
    但是。。。

    注意: 不是每一次运行都会看到错误的数据产生,多运行几次,或者增加运行的次数

    演示同步问题

    package charactor;

      

    public class Hero{

        public String name; 

        public float hp;

         

        public int damage;

         

        //回血

        public void recover(){

            hp=hp+1;

        }

         

        //掉血

        public void hurt(){

            hp=hp-1;

        }

         

        public void attackHero(Hero h) {

            h.hp-=damage;

            System.out.format("%s 正在攻击 %s, %s的血变成了 %.0f%n",name,h.name,h.name,h.hp);

            if(h.isDead())

                System.out.println(h.name +"死了!");

        }

      

        public boolean isDead() {

            return 0>=hp?true:false;

        }

      

    }

    package multiplethread;

        

    import charactor.Hero;

        

    public class TestThread {

        

        public static void main(String[] args) {

                

            final Hero gareen = new Hero();

            gareen.name = "盖伦";

            gareen.hp = 10000;

               

            System.out.printf("盖伦的初始血量是 %.0f%n", gareen.hp);

               

            //多线程同步问题指的是多个线程同时修改一个数据的时候,导致的问题

               

            //假设盖伦有10000滴血,并且在基地里,同时又被对方多个英雄攻击

               

            //用JAVA代码来表示,就是有多个线程在减少盖伦的hp

            //同时又有多个线程在恢复盖伦的hp

               

            //n个线程增加盖伦的hp

               

            int n = 10000;

       

            Thread[] addThreads = new Thread[n];

            Thread[] reduceThreads = new Thread[n];

               

            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

                Thread t = new Thread(){

                    public void run(){

                        gareen.recover();

                        try {

                            Thread.sleep(100);

                        catch (InterruptedException e) {

                            // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                            e.printStackTrace();

                        }

                    }

                };

                t.start();

                addThreads[i] = t;

                   

            }

               

            //n个线程减少盖伦的hp

            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

                Thread t = new Thread(){

                    public void run(){

                        gareen.hurt();

                        try {

                            Thread.sleep(100);

                        catch (InterruptedException e) {

                            // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                            e.printStackTrace();

                        }

                    }

                };

                t.start();

                reduceThreads[i] = t;

            }

               

            //等待所有增加线程结束

            for (Thread t : addThreads) {

                try {

                    t.join();

                catch (InterruptedException e) {

                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                    e.printStackTrace();

                }

            }

            //等待所有减少线程结束

            for (Thread t : reduceThreads) {

                try {

                    t.join();

                catch (InterruptedException e) {

                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                    e.printStackTrace();

                }

            }

               

            //代码执行到这里,所有增加和减少线程都结束了

               

            //增加和减少线程的数量是一样的,每次都增加,减少1.

            //那么所有线程都结束后,盖伦的hp应该还是初始值

               

            //但是事实上观察到的是:

                       

            System.out.printf("%d个增加线程和%d个减少线程结束后%n盖伦的血量变成了 %.0f%n", n,n,gareen.hp);

               

        }

            

    }

    步骤 2 : 分析同步问题产生的原因

    1. 假设增加线程先进入,得到的hp是10000 
    2. 进行增加运算 
    3. 正在做增加运算的时候,还没有来得及修改hp的值减少线程来了 
    4. 减少线程得到的hp的值也是10000 
    5. 减少线程进行减少运算 
    6. 增加线程运算结束,得到值10001,并把这个值赋予hp 
    7. 减少线程也运算结束,得到值9999,并把这个值赋予hp 
    hp,最后的值就是9999 
    虽然经历了两个线程各自增减了一次,本来期望还是原值10000,但是却得到了一个9999 
    这个时候的值9999是一个错误的值,在业务上又叫做脏数据

    分析同步问题产生的原因

    步骤 3 : 解决思路

    总体解决思路是: 在增加线程访问hp期间,其他线程不可以访问hp 
    1. 增加线程获取到hp的值,并进行运算 
    2. 在运算期间,减少线程试图来获取hp的值,但是不被允许 
    3. 增加线程运算结束,并成功修改hp的值为10001 
    4. 减少线程,在增加线程做完后,才能访问hp的值,即10001 
    5. 减少线程运算,并得到新的值10000

    解决思路

    步骤 4 : synchronized 同步对象概念

    解决上述问题之前,先理解
    synchronized关键字的意义
    如下代码:

    Object someObject =new Object();

    synchronized (someObject){

      //此处的代码只有占有了someObject后才可以执行

    }



    synchronized表示当前线程,独占 对象 someObject
    当前线程独占 了对象someObject,如果有其他线程试图占有对象someObject,就会等待,直到当前线程释放对someObject的占用。
    someObject 又叫同步对象,所有的对象,都可以作为同步对象
    为了达到同步的效果,必须使用同一个同步对象

    释放同步对象的方式: synchronized 块自然结束,或者有异常抛出

    synchronized 同步对象概念

    package multiplethread;

      

    import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;

    import java.util.Date;

       

    public class TestThread {

         

        public static String now(){

            return new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss").format(new Date());

        }

         

        public static void main(String[] args) {

            final Object someObject = new Object();

              

            Thread t1 = new Thread(){

                public void run(){

                    try {

                        System.out.println( now()+" t1 线程已经运行");

                        System.out.println( now()+this.getName()+ " 试图占有对象:someObject");

                        synchronized (someObject) {

                              

                            System.out.println( now()+this.getName()+ " 占有对象:someObject");

                            Thread.sleep(5000);

                            System.out.println( now()+this.getName()+ " 释放对象:someObject");

                        }

                        System.out.println(now()+" t1 线程结束");

                    catch (InterruptedException e) {

                        // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                        e.printStackTrace();

                    }

                }

            };

            t1.setName(" t1");

            t1.start();

            Thread t2 = new Thread(){

      

                public void run(){

                    try {

                        System.out.println( now()+" t2 线程已经运行");

                        System.out.println( now()+this.getName()+ " 试图占有对象:someObject");

                        synchronized (someObject) {

                            System.out.println( now()+this.getName()+ " 占有对象:someObject");

                            Thread.sleep(5000);

                            System.out.println( now()+this.getName()+ " 释放对象:someObject");

                        }

                        System.out.println(now()+" t2 线程结束");

                    catch (InterruptedException e) {

                        // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                        e.printStackTrace();

                    }

                }

            };

            t2.setName(" t2");

            t2.start();

        }

           

    }

    步骤 5 : 使用synchronized 解决同步问题

    所有需要修改hp的地方,有要建立在占有someObject的基础上。 
    而对象 someObject在同一时间,只能被一个线程占有。 间接地,导致同一时间,hp只能被一个线程修改。

    使用synchronized 解决同步问题

    package multiplethread;

       

    import java.awt.GradientPaint;

    import charactor.Hero;

       

    public class TestThread {

       

        public static void main(String[] args) {

            final Object someObject = new Object();

             

            final Hero gareen = new Hero();

            gareen.name = "盖伦";

            gareen.hp = 10000;

              

            int n = 10000;

      

            Thread[] addThreads = new Thread[n];

            Thread[] reduceThreads = new Thread[n];

              

            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

                Thread t = new Thread(){

                    public void run(){

                         

                        //任何线程要修改hp的值,必须先占用someObject

                        synchronized (someObject) {

                            gareen.recover();

                        }

                         

                        try {

                            Thread.sleep(100);

                        catch (InterruptedException e) {

                            // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                            e.printStackTrace();

                        }

                    }

                };

                t.start();

                addThreads[i] = t;

                  

            }

              

            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

                Thread t = new Thread(){

                    public void run(){

                        //任何线程要修改hp的值,必须先占用someObject

                        synchronized (someObject) {

                            gareen.hurt();

                        }

                         

                        try {

                            Thread.sleep(100);

                        catch (InterruptedException e) {

                            // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                            e.printStackTrace();

                        }

                    }

                };

                t.start();

                reduceThreads[i] = t;

            }

              

            for (Thread t : addThreads) {

                try {

                    t.join();

                catch (InterruptedException e) {

                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                    e.printStackTrace();

                }

            }

            for (Thread t : reduceThreads) {

                try {

                    t.join();

                catch (InterruptedException e) {

                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                    e.printStackTrace();

                }

            }

              

            System.out.printf("%d个增加线程和%d个减少线程结束后%n盖伦的血量是 %.0f%n", n,n,gareen.hp);

              

        }

           

    }

    步骤 6 : 使用hero对象作为同步对象

    既然任意对象都可以用来作为同步对象,而所有的线程访问的都是同一个hero对象,索性就使用gareen来作为同步对象
    进一步的,对于Hero的hurt方法,加上:
    synchronized (this) {
    }
    表示当前对象为同步对象,即也是gareen为同步对象

    package multiplethread;

       

    import java.awt.GradientPaint;

    import charactor.Hero;

       

    public class TestThread {

       

        public static void main(String[] args) {

            final Hero gareen = new Hero();

            gareen.name = "盖伦";

            gareen.hp = 10000;

              

            int n = 10000;

      

            Thread[] addThreads = new Thread[n];

            Thread[] reduceThreads = new Thread[n];

              

            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

                Thread t = new Thread(){

                    public void run(){

                         

                        //使用gareen作为synchronized

                        synchronized (gareen) {

                            gareen.recover();

                        }

                         

                        try {

                            Thread.sleep(100);

                        catch (InterruptedException e) {

                            // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                            e.printStackTrace();

                        }

                    }

                };

                t.start();

                addThreads[i] = t;

                  

            }

              

            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

                Thread t = new Thread(){

                    public void run(){

                        //使用gareen作为synchronized

                        //在方法hurt中有synchronized(this)

                        gareen.hurt();

                         

                        try {

                            Thread.sleep(100);

                        catch (InterruptedException e) {

                            // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                            e.printStackTrace();

                        }

                    }

                };

                t.start();

                reduceThreads[i] = t;

            }

              

            for (Thread t : addThreads) {

                try {

                    t.join();

                catch (InterruptedException e) {

                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                    e.printStackTrace();

                }

            }

            for (Thread t : reduceThreads) {

                try {

                    t.join();

                catch (InterruptedException e) {

                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                    e.printStackTrace();

                }

            }

              

            System.out.printf("%d个增加线程和%d个减少线程结束后%n盖伦的血量是 %.0f%n", n,n,gareen.hp);

              

        }

           

    }

    package charactor;

      

    public class Hero{

        public String name; 

        public float hp;

         

        public int damage;

         

        //回血

        public void recover(){

            hp=hp+1;

        }

         

        //掉血

        public void hurt(){

            //使用this作为同步对象

            synchronized (this) {

                hp=hp-1;    

            }

        }

         

        public void attackHero(Hero h) {

            h.hp-=damage;

            System.out.format("%s 正在攻击 %s, %s的血变成了 %.0f%n",name,h.name,h.name,h.hp);

            if(h.isDead())

                System.out.println(h.name +"死了!");

        }

      

        public boolean isDead() {

            return 0>=hp?true:false;

        }

      

    }

    步骤 7 : 在方法前,加上修饰符synchronized

    在recover前,直接加上synchronized ,其所对应的同步对象,就是this
    和hurt方法达到的效果是一样
    外部线程访问gareen的方法,就不需要额外使用synchronized 了

    package charactor;

      

    public class Hero{

        public String name; 

        public float hp;

         

        public int damage;

         

        //回血

        //直接在方法前加上修饰符synchronized

        //其所对应的同步对象,就是this

        //和hurt方法达到的效果一样

        public synchronized void recover(){

            hp=hp+1;

        }

         

        //掉血

        public void hurt(){

            //使用this作为同步对象

            synchronized (this) {

                hp=hp-1;    

            }

        }

         

        public void attackHero(Hero h) {

            h.hp-=damage;

            System.out.format("%s 正在攻击 %s, %s的血变成了 %.0f%n",name,h.name,h.name,h.hp);

            if(h.isDead())

                System.out.println(h.name +"死了!");

        }

      

        public boolean isDead() {

            return 0>=hp?true:false;

        }

      

    }

    package multiplethread;

       

    import java.awt.GradientPaint;

    import charactor.Hero;

       

    public class TestThread {

       

        public static void main(String[] args) {

            final Hero gareen = new Hero();

            gareen.name = "盖伦";

            gareen.hp = 10000;

              

            int n = 10000;

      

            Thread[] addThreads = new Thread[n];

            Thread[] reduceThreads = new Thread[n];

              

            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

                Thread t = new Thread(){

                    public void run(){

                         

                        //recover自带synchronized

                        gareen.recover();

                         

                        try {

                            Thread.sleep(100);

                        catch (InterruptedException e) {

                            // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                            e.printStackTrace();

                        }

                    }

                };

                t.start();

                addThreads[i] = t;

                  

            }

              

            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

                Thread t = new Thread(){

                    public void run(){

                        //hurt自带synchronized

                        gareen.hurt();

                         

                        try {

                            Thread.sleep(100);

                        catch (InterruptedException e) {

                            // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                            e.printStackTrace();

                        }

                    }

                };

                t.start();

                reduceThreads[i] = t;

            }

              

            for (Thread t : addThreads) {

                try {

                    t.join();

                catch (InterruptedException e) {

                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                    e.printStackTrace();

                }

            }

            for (Thread t : reduceThreads) {

                try {

                    t.join();

                catch (InterruptedException e) {

                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block

                    e.printStackTrace();

                }

            }

              

            System.out.printf("%d个增加线程和%d个减少线程结束后%n盖伦的血量是 %.0f%n", n,n,gareen.hp);

              

        }

           

    }

    步骤 8 : 线程安全的类

    如果一个类,其方法都是有synchronized修饰的,那么该类就叫做线程安全的类

    同一时间,只有一个线程能够进入 这种类的一个实例 的去修改数据,进而保证了这个实例中的数据的安全(不会同时被多线程修改而变成脏数据)

    比如StringBuffer和StringBuilder的区别
    StringBuffer的方法都是有synchronized修饰的,StringBuffer就叫做线程安全的类
    而StringBuilder就不是线程安全的类

    线程安全的类


    更多内容,点击了解: https://how2j.cn/k/thread/thread-synchronized/355.html

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/Lanht/p/12615476.html
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