PyQt5设计思路（长期更新，每写一篇新博客都会更新一次）

概述

　　目前有关于PyQt5的系统的教程较少，毕竟Python的主要用途也不是做图形界面。但是鉴于作者最近想将很多的感兴趣的研究成果打包到一个应用里展示，而这些成果移植到Python会具有很强的可读性，所以就产生了用PyQt5来做GUI的念头。不过作者虽然听说Python的大名很多年，但是认真的用Python做一个稍复杂规模的应用还是第一回，制作过程中很多地方都是参考用其他语言做GUI Projct的经验和Qt(C++)的官方文档，或者干脆自己摸索出来的。

本应用是作者秉持“可扩展+最大程度降低重复代码”的理念制作完成的。

设计目标

　　为了便于后续对代码的修改管理，在设计最初就应该定好一个合理的框架。为了做到这点，作者个人认为有以下几点是必须要遵守的。

1)    禁止组件的个性化命名。这点是很重要的，虽然将某个按钮按照它调用的函数来做相关的命名后，在Debug的时候是很容易修正一些逻辑设计上的问题的。但是当应用越做越大的时候，个性化的命名会“锁住”你的设计框架，从而在人们想要修改设计思路的时候，感到如陷泥沼般的困难。

2)    设计一个函数来批量的”new”你的组件，将你的组件和数据统一放到一个“容器”里，对组件和数据来说这个容器是字典较为合适，而字典的最底层往往是一个列表较为合适。

3)    用属性来代替global变量，毕竟global变量总给人一种很不工整的感觉。

4)    设计每一个页面的时候只写布局和指定每个控件信号对应的槽。

5)    尽量避免定时器的使用。

6)    将鼠标和键盘绑定在和菜单相关的对象上，而非窗体对象本身。

设计框架

1)    设计一个父类，其中包含存储控件和全局变量的容器。

2)    设计一个函数统一管理action。

3)    设计一个函数统一管理menu Bar。

4)    设计一个函数，使得该函数针对同类型和槽函数均相同的组件可以批量创建。

5)    设计一个函数，使得该函数可以自动读取存储的数据，并且根据读取的内容调整相关的控件的各种参数。

5)    针对每一个页面，设计一个函数来进行布局和指定每个控件信号对应的槽。

6)    针对每一个页面，设计一个函数来写自定义槽。

6)    设计一个代数模块来统一管理自定义的代数计算相关的类。

7)    设计一个画布模块来统一管理后台的即时动画计算和静态图形的绘制。

代码（框架分部）

容器：

#!/usr/bin/python


class MainData:
    """
    frame of page data about PyQt5
    """

    def __init__(self):
        self.action = dict()
        self.canvas = dict()
        self.control = {"QLabel": [], "QTabWidget": [], "QPushButton": [], "QTextEdit": [],
                        "QRadioButton": [], "QComboBox": [], "QSpinBox": [], "QTableWidget": [], "QLCDNumber": []}
        self.controlData = dict()

    def controlClear(self):
        """
        remove all the controls except menuBar before open a new page
        """
        self.control = {"QLabel": [], "QTabWidget": [], "QPushButton": [], "QTextEdit": [],
                        "QRadioButton": [], "QComboBox": [], "QSpinBox": [], "QTableWidget": [], "QLCDNumber": []}

    def addFrame(self, imageName):
        """
        add a empty dictionary to record page data
        """
        self.controlData[imageName] = dict()
        self.controlData[imageName]["QRadioButton"] = {"isChecked": []}
        self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"] = {"itemText": [], "currentIndex": []}
        self.controlData[imageName]["QSpinBox"] = {"value": []}
        self.controlData[imageName]["QTableWidget"] = {"data": []}
        self.controlData[imageName]["QLCDNumber"] = {"value": []}
        self.controlData[imageName]["save"] = []

    def controlDataClear(self, imageName):
        """
        remove data  before refresh current page
        """
        self.controlData[imageName]["QRadioButton"]["isChecked"] = []
        self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["itemText"] = []
        self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["currentIndex"] = []
        self.controlData[imageName]["QSpinBox"]["value"] = []
        self.controlData[imageName]["QTableWidget"]["data"] = []
        self.controlData[imageName]["QLCDNumber"]["value"] = []
        self.controlData[imageName]["save"] = []

 窗体：

#!/usr/bin/python
# coding=utf-8

from __future__ import division
from MainData import MainData
from CanvasManager import *
from AlgorithmManager import *
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
from PyQt5.QtGui import (QIcon, QFont)
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (qApp,
                             QAction,
                             QComboBox,
                             QDesktopWidget,
                             QFileDialog,
                             QGridLayout,
                             QInputDialog,
                             QRadioButton,
                             QLabel,
                             QLCDNumber,
                             QMainWindow,
                             QMessageBox,
                             QPushButton,
                             QSpinBox,
                             QTableWidget,
                             QTableWidgetItem,
                             QTabWidget,
                             QTextEdit,
                             QToolTip,
                             QWidget)


# noinspection PyNonAsciiChar
class App(QMainWindow, MainData):
    """
    @
    """

    # noinspection PyArgumentList,PyMissingConstructor
    def __init__(self):
        # noinspection PyCompatibility
        QMainWindow.__init__(self)

        # noinspection PyCallByClass,PyTypeChecker
        QToolTip.setFont(QFont('SansSerif', 10))
        self.setGeometry(100, 100, 900, 550)
        qr = self.frameGeometry()
        cp = QDesktopWidget().availableGeometry().center()
        qr.moveCenter(cp)
        self.move(qr.topLeft())
        self.setWindowTitle('MathDemo')
        self.setWindowIcon(QIcon('python.png'))
        self.setWindowFlags(Qt.WindowStaysOnTopHint)

        self.actionLoad()

        self.menuBarLoad()

        #############################################
        # set current image that you are operating. #
        #############################################
        self.currentImage = ""
        self.rainImage()

        self.statusBar().showMessage('Ready')

        self.show()

    def actionLoad(self):
        """
        set MainData.action
        """

        self.action["showOpenDialog"] = QAction('Open File', self)
        self.action["showOpenDialog"].setIcon(QIcon('open.png'))
        self.action["showOpenDialog"].setShortcut('Ctrl+O')
        self.action["showOpenDialog"].setStatusTip('Open File')
        self.action["showOpenDialog"].triggered.connect(self.showOpenDialog)

        self.action["qApp.quit"] = QAction('Exit application', self)
        self.action["qApp.quit"].setIcon(QIcon('exit.jpg'))
        self.action["qApp.quit"].setShortcut('Ctrl+Q')
        self.action["qApp.quit"].setStatusTip('Exit application')
        self.action["qApp.quit"].triggered.connect(qApp.quit)

        self.action["orthogonalTableImage"] = QAction('Orthogonal Table', self)
        self.action["orthogonalTableImage"].setIcon(QIcon('numpy_logo.jpg'))
        self.action["orthogonalTableImage"].setShortcut('Ctrl+T')
        self.action["orthogonalTableImage"].setStatusTip('Orthogonal Table')
        self.action["orthogonalTableImage"].triggered.connect(self.orthogonalTableImage)

        self.action["convexHullImage"] = QAction('Convex Hull', self)
        self.action["convexHullImage"].setIcon(QIcon('numpy_logo.jpg'))
        self.action["convexHullImage"].setShortcut('Ctrl+C')
        self.action["convexHullImage"].setStatusTip('Convex Hull')
        self.action["convexHullImage"].triggered.connect(self.convexHullImage)

        self.action["gravitationalSystemImage"] = QAction('Gravitational System', self)
        self.action["gravitationalSystemImage"].setIcon(QIcon('scipy_logo.jpg'))
        self.action["gravitationalSystemImage"].setShortcut('Ctrl+G')
        self.action["gravitationalSystemImage"].setStatusTip('Gravitational System')
        self.action["gravitationalSystemImage"].triggered.connect(self.gravitationalSystemImage)

        self.action["analyticFunctionImage"] = QAction('Analytic Function', self)
        self.action["analyticFunctionImage"].setIcon(QIcon('numpy_logo.jpg'))
        self.action["analyticFunctionImage"].setShortcut('Ctrl+A')
        self.action["analyticFunctionImage"].setStatusTip('Analytic Function')
        self.action["analyticFunctionImage"].triggered.connect(self.analyticFunctionImage)

        self.action["sourceCodeImage"] = QAction('Source Code', self)
        self.action["sourceCodeImage"].setShortcut('F2')
        self.action["sourceCodeImage"].setStatusTip('Source Code')
        self.action["sourceCodeImage"].triggered.connect(self.sourceCodeImage)

    def menuBarLoad(self):
        """
        set MainWindow.menuBar
        """
        self.statusBar()
        menubar = self.menuBar()

        fileMenu = menubar.addMenu('&File')
        fileMenu.addAction(self.action["showOpenDialog"])
        fileMenu.addAction(self.action["qApp.quit"])

        statisticsMenu = menubar.addMenu('&Statistics')
        statisticsMenu.addAction(self.action["orthogonalTableImage"])

        statisticsMenu = menubar.addMenu('&Geometry')
        statisticsMenu.addAction(self.action["convexHullImage"])

        statisticsMenu = menubar.addMenu('&Ode')
        statisticsMenu.addAction(self.action["gravitationalSystemImage"])

        statisticsMenu = menubar.addMenu('&Complex')
        statisticsMenu.addAction(self.action["analyticFunctionImage"])

        statisticsMenu = menubar.addMenu('&Help')
        statisticsMenu.addAction(self.action["sourceCodeImage"])

    def controlLayout(self, layout=None, name=None, var=None, position=None, signal=None):
        """
        control layout
        :param layout: GridLayout = QGridLayout()
        :param name: name of control, name is a string
        :param var: var is a dict
        :param position: position is a list with 4 numeric
        :param signal: signal function
        """
        if name == "QLabel":
            # var = {"text": [string]}
            for j in range(0, len(position)):
                self.control[name].append(QLabel(var["text"][j]))
                self.control[name][-1].setAlignment(Qt.AlignCenter)
                # noinspection PyArgumentList
                layout.addWidget(self.control[name][-1], position[j][0], position[j][1], position[j][2], position[j][3])

        if name == "QTabWidget":
            # var = {"text": [[string]], "widget": [[PyQt5.QtWidgets.QWidget]]}
            for j in range(0, len(position)):
                self.control[name].append(QTabWidget())
                for k in range(0, len(var["text"][j])):
                    self.control[name][-1].addTab(var["widget"][j][k], self.tr(var["text"][j][k]))
                # noinspection PyArgumentList
                layout.addWidget(self.control[name][-1], position[j][0], position[j][1], position[j][2], position[j][3])

        if name == "QPushButton":
            # var = {"text": [string]}
            for j in range(0, len(position)):
                self.control[name].append(QPushButton(var["text"][j]))
                # noinspection PyArgumentList
                layout.addWidget(self.control[name][-1], position[j][0], position[j][1], position[j][2], position[j][3])
                if signal is not None:
                    self.control[name][-1].clicked.connect(signal)

        if name == "QTextEdit":
            # var = {"text": [[string]]}
            for j in range(0, len(position)):
                self.control[name].append(QTextEdit())
                if len(var["text"]) != 0:
                    if len(var["text"][j]) != 0:
                        for line in var["text"][j]:
                            self.control[name][-1].append(line)
                # noinspection PyArgumentList
                layout.addWidget(self.control[name][-1], position[j][0], position[j][1], position[j][2], position[j][3])

        if name == "QRadioButton":
            # var = {"text": [string], "isChecked": [bool]}
            for j in range(0, len(position)):
                self.control[name].append(QRadioButton(var["text"][j]))
                self.control[name][-1].setChecked(var["isChecked"][j])
                # noinspection PyArgumentList
                layout.addWidget(self.control[name][-1], position[j][0], position[j][1], position[j][2], position[j][3])
                if signal is not None:
                    self.control[name][-1].clicked.connect(signal)

        if name == "QComboBox":
            # var = {"itemText": [[string]], "currentIndex": [int]}
            for j in range(0, len(position)):
                self.control[name].append(QComboBox())
                self.control[name][-1].addItems(var["itemText"][j])
                if len(var["currentIndex"]) != 0:
                    self.control[name][-1].setCurrentIndex(var["currentIndex"][j])
                # noinspection PyArgumentList
                layout.addWidget(self.control[name][-1], position[j][0], position[j][1], position[j][2], position[j][3])
                if signal is not None:
                    self.control[name][-1].currentIndexChanged.connect(signal)

        if name == "QSpinBox":
            # var = {"range": [[int, int]], "singleStep": [int], "prefix": [string], "suffix": [string], "value": [int]}
            for j in range(0, len(position)):
                self.control[name].append(QSpinBox())
                self.control[name][-1].setRange(var["range"][j][0], var["range"][j][1])
                self.control[name][-1].setSingleStep(var["singleStep"][j])
                if len(var["prefix"]) != 0:
                    if len(var["prefix"][j]) != 0:
                        self.control[name][-1].setPrefix(var["prefix"][j])
                if len(var["suffix"]) != 0:
                    if len(var["suffix"][j]) != 0:
                        self.control[name][-1].setSuffix(var["suffix"][j])
                self.control[name][-1].setValue(var["value"][j])
                # noinspection PyArgumentList
                layout.addWidget(self.control[name][-1], position[j][0], position[j][1], position[j][2], position[j][3])
                if signal is not None:
                    self.control[name][-1].valueChanged.connect(signal)

        if name == "QTableWidget":
            # var = {"headerLabels": [[string]], "data": [numpy.array]}
            for i in range(0, len(position)):
                self.control[name].append(QTableWidget(1, 1))
                if len(var["headerLabels"]) != 0:
                    if len(var["headerLabels"][i]) != 0:
                        self.control[name][-1].setColumnCount(len(var["headerLabels"][i]))
                        self.control[name][-1].setHorizontalHeaderLabels(var["headerLabels"][i])
                if len(var["data"]) != 0:
                    if len(var["data"][i]) != 0:
                        row, column = var["data"][i].shape
                        self.control[name][-1].setRowCount(row)
                        self.control[name][-1].setColumnCount(column)
                        for j in range(0, row):
                            for k in range(0, column):
                                newItem = QTableWidgetItem(str(var["data"][i][j][k]))
                                self.control[name][-1].setItem(j, k, newItem)
                self.control[name][-1].resizeColumnsToContents()
                # noinspection PyArgumentList
                layout.addWidget(self.control[name][-1], position[i][0], position[i][1], position[i][2], position[i][3])

        if name == "QLCDNumber":
            # var = {"value": [int]}
            for j in range(0, len(position)):
                self.control[name].append(QLCDNumber(self))
                if len(var["value"]) != 0:
                    if len(var["value"][j]) != 0:
                        self.control[name][-1].display(var["value"][j])
                    else:
                        self.control[name][-1].display(0)
                # noinspection PyArgumentList
                layout.addWidget(self.control[name][-1], position[j][0], position[j][1], position[j][2], position[j][3])

    def imageRead(self, imageName=None):
        """
        load data into current page, or write data from current page.
        """
        if len(self.control["QRadioButton"]) != 0:
            length = len(self.control["QRadioButton"])
            for j in range(0, length):
                isChecked = self.controlData[imageName]["QRadioButton"]["isChecked"][j]
                self.control["QRadioButton"][j].setChecked(isChecked)

        if len(self.control["QComboBox"]) != 0:
            pass

        if len(self.control["QComboBox"]) != 0:
            length = len(self.control["QComboBox"])
            for j in range(0, length):
                currentIndex = self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["currentIndex"][j]
                self.control["QComboBox"][j].setCurrentIndex(currentIndex)

        if len(self.control["QSpinBox"]) != 0:
            length = len(self.control["QSpinBox"])
            for j in range(0, length):
                value = self.controlData[imageName]["QSpinBox"]["value"][j]
                self.control["QSpinBox"][j].setValue(value)

        if len(self.control["QTableWidget"]) != 0:
            length = len(self.control["QTableWidget"])
            for i in range(0, length):
                data = self.controlData[imageName]["QTableWidget"]["data"][i]
                row, column = data.shape
                self.control["QTableWidget"][i].setRowCount(row)
                self.control["QTableWidget"][i].setColumnCount(column)
                for j in range(0, row):
                    for k in range(0, column):
                        newItem = QTableWidgetItem(str(data[j][k]))
                        self.control["QTableWidget"][i].setItem(j, k, newItem)
                self.control["QTableWidget"][i].resizeColumnsToContents()

        if len(self.control["QLCDNumber"]) != 0:
            length = len(self.control["QLCDNumber"])
            for j in range(0, length):
                value = self.controlData[imageName]["QLCDNumber"]["value"][j]
                self.control["QLCDNumber"][j].display(value)

    def rainImage(self):
        """
        @
        """
        self.currentImage = "rainImage"
        self.controlClear()

        layout = QGridLayout()
        layout.setSpacing(10)

        # noinspection PyArgumentList
        widget = QWidget()
        self.canvas["rainImage"] = RainCanvas(parent=widget)
        layout.addWidget(self.canvas["rainImage"])

        widget.setLayout(layout)
        self.setCentralWidget(widget)

    def orthogonalTableImage(self):
        """
        layout and initialization data
        """
        ##########################
        # layout of current page #
        ##########################
        self.currentImage = "orthogonalTableImage"
        self.controlClear()

        layout = QGridLayout()
        layout.setSpacing(10)

        text = ['水平数', '重复次数', '实验次数', '因素数']
        position = [[0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 2, 1, 1], [0, 4, 1, 1], [0, 6, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QLabel", var={"text": text}, position=position, signal=None)

        itemText = [list(map(str, range(2, 10))), list(map(str, range(0, 10)))]
        position = [[0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 3, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QComboBox", var={"itemText": itemText, "currentIndex": []},
                           position=position, signal=self.orthogonalTableImageSignal)

        position = [[0, 5, 1, 1], [0, 7, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QLCDNumber", var={"value": []}, position=position, signal=None)

        # noinspection PyArgumentList
        widget = [[QWidget(), QWidget()]]
        for j in range(0, 2):
            widgetLayout = QGridLayout()
            position = [[0, 0, 1, 1]]
            self.controlLayout(layout=widgetLayout, name="QTableWidget", var={"headerLabels": [], "data": []},
                               position=position, signal=None)
            widget[0][j].setLayout(widgetLayout)
        text = [["Table", "Title"]]
        position = [[1, 0, 1, 8]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QTabWidget", var={"text": text, "widget": widget},
                           position=position, signal=None)

        # noinspection PyArgumentList
        widget = QWidget()
        widget.setLayout(layout)
        self.setCentralWidget(widget)

        ###########################################################################
        # initialization self.controlData["orthogonalTableImage"] then refresh it #
        # refresh self.control["orthogonalTableImage"]                            #
        ###########################################################################
        if "orthogonalTableImage" not in self.controlData:
            self.addFrame("orthogonalTableImage")
            self.orthogonalTableImageSignal()
        else:
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
                self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.disconnect(self.orthogonalTableImageSignal)
            self.imageRead(imageName="orthogonalTableImage")
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
                self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.connect(self.orthogonalTableImageSignal)

        self.statusBar().showMessage('Ready')

    def orthogonalTableImageSignal(self):
        """
        respond of current page(orthogonalTableImage), then write data into MainData.controlData
        """
        self.statusBar().showMessage('Starting generate table and title...')

        ###########################################################
        # initialization self.controlData["orthogonalTableImage"] #
        ###########################################################
        imageName = "orthogonalTableImage"
        self.controlDataClear(imageName)

        ####################################################
        # refresh self.controlData["orthogonalTableImage"] #
        ####################################################
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
            itemText = list()
            for k in range(0, self.control["QComboBox"][j].count()):
                itemText.append(self.control["QComboBox"][j].itemText(k))
            self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["itemText"].append(itemText)

            currentIndex = self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndex()
            self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["currentIndex"].append(currentIndex)

        level = int(self.control["QComboBox"][0].currentText())
        time = int(self.control["QComboBox"][1].currentText())
        obj = OrthogonalTableMap(level, time)
        row, column = obj.table.shape

        self.controlData[imageName]["QLCDNumber"]["value"].append(row)
        self.controlData[imageName]["QLCDNumber"]["value"].append(column)

        self.controlData[imageName]["QTableWidget"]["data"].append(obj.table)
        self.controlData[imageName]["QTableWidget"]["data"].append(obj.title)

        self.controlData[imageName]["save"] = [level, time, obj.table, obj.title]

        ################################################
        # refresh self.control["orthogonalTableImage"] #
        ################################################
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
            self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.disconnect(self.orthogonalTableImageSignal)
        self.imageRead(imageName=imageName)
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
            self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.connect(self.orthogonalTableImageSignal)

        if obj.error == 1:
            self.statusBar().showMessage('Unable to generate title.')
        else:
            self.statusBar().showMessage('Table and title generated.')

    def gravitationalSystemImage(self):
        """
        layout and initialization data
        """
        ##########################
        # layout of current page #
        ##########################
        self.currentImage = "gravitationalSystemImage"
        self.controlClear()

        layout = QGridLayout()
        layout.setSpacing(10)

        text = ['长度单位', '时间单位', '质量单位', '电量单位',
                '质点类型', '质点个数', '动画时长', '总帧数', '播放速率',
                '坐标轴标签', '视角', '速度矢量', '加速度矢量']
        position = [[0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 2, 1, 1], [0, 3, 1, 1],
                    [0, 4, 1, 1], [0, 5, 1, 1], [0, 6, 1, 1], [2, 0, 1, 1], [2, 1, 1, 1],
                    [2, 2, 1, 1], [2, 3, 1, 1], [2, 4, 1, 1], [2, 5, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QLabel", var={"text": text}, position=position, signal=None)

        itemText = [['ly', 'km', 'm', 'mm', 'nm'], ['year', 'day', 's', 'ms', 'μs'],
                    ['kg', '太阳(1.99+e30kg)', '质子(1.7-e27kg)', '电子(9.1-e31kg)'], ['C', 'e(1.6-e19C)'],
                    ['天体-天体', '电荷-电荷', '自定义-自定义'], list(map(str, range(2, 10))),
                    list(map(str, range(5, 65, 5))), ['100', '1000', '10000', '100000'],
                    ['显示', '隐藏'], ['静止', '旋转'], ['隐藏速度矢量', '显示当前速度矢量', '显示所有速度矢量'],
                    ['隐藏加速度矢量', '显示当前加速度矢量', '显示所有加速度矢量']]
        currentIndex = [2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 1, 1]
        position = [[1, 0, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 2, 1, 1], [1, 3, 1, 1],
                    [1, 4, 1, 1], [1, 5, 1, 1], [1, 6, 1, 1], [3, 0, 1, 1],
                    [3, 2, 1, 1], [3, 3, 1, 1], [3, 4, 1, 1], [3, 5, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QComboBox", var={"itemText": itemText, "currentIndex": currentIndex},
                           position=position, signal=self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)

        var = {"range": [[1, 1000]], "singleStep": [1], "prefix": ['X  '], "suffix": ["  倍"], "value": [100]}
        position = [[3, 1, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QSpinBox", var=var,
                           position=position, signal=self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)

        text = ['启用调试单位']
        isChecked = [True]
        position = [[2, 6, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QRadioButton", var={"text": text, "isChecked": isChecked},
                           position=position, signal=self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)

        text = ['播放动画']
        position = [[3, 6, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QPushButton", var={"text": text},
                           position=position, signal=self.gravitationalSystemImageDraw)

        # noinspection PyArgumentList
        widget = [[QWidget(), QWidget()]]
        name = ["QTableWidget", "QTextEdit"]
        var = [{"headerLabels": [["mass", "electricity", "X-coordinate", "Y-coordinate", "Z-coordinate",
                                  "X-velocity", "Y-velocity", "Z-velocity"]],
                "data": [numpy.array([[1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
                                      [1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1],
                                      [1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0]])]},
               {"text": [["yes", "no"]]}]
        for j in range(0, 2):
            widgetLayout = QGridLayout()
            position = [[0, 0, 1, 1]]
            self.controlLayout(layout=widgetLayout, name=name[j], var=var[j], position=position, signal=None)
            widget[0][j].setLayout(widgetLayout)
        text = [["Initial Condition", "Note"]]
        position = [[4, 0, 1, 7]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QTabWidget", var={"text": text, "widget": widget},
                           position=position, signal=None)

        # noinspection PyArgumentList
        widget = QWidget()
        widget.setLayout(layout)
        self.setCentralWidget(widget)

        ###############################################################################
        # initialization self.controlData["gravitationalSystemImage"] then refresh it #
        # refresh self.control["gravitationalSystemImage"]                            #
        ###############################################################################
        if "gravitationalSystemImage" not in self.controlData:
            self.addFrame("gravitationalSystemImage")
            self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal()
        else:
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
                self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.disconnect(self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QSpinBox"])):
                self.control["QSpinBox"][j].valueChanged.disconnect(self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QRadioButton"])):
                self.control["QRadioButton"][j].clicked.disconnect(self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)
            self.imageRead(imageName="gravitationalSystemImage")
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
                self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.connect(self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QSpinBox"])):
                self.control["QSpinBox"][j].valueChanged.connect(self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QRadioButton"])):
                self.control["QRadioButton"][j].clicked.connect(self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)

        self.statusBar().showMessage('Ready')

    def gravitationalSystemImageSignal(self):
        """
        respond of current page(gravitationalSystemImage), then write data into MainData.dataClasses
        """
        self.statusBar().showMessage('Saving Page data...')

        ###############################################################
        # initialization self.controlData["gravitationalSystemImage"] #
        ###############################################################
        imageName = "gravitationalSystemImage"
        self.controlDataClear(imageName)

        ########################################################
        # refresh self.controlData["gravitationalSystemImage"] #
        ########################################################
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
            itemText = list()
            for k in range(0, self.control["QComboBox"][j].count()):
                itemText.append(self.control["QComboBox"][j].itemText(k))
            self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["itemText"].append(itemText)

            currentIndex = self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndex()
            self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["currentIndex"].append(currentIndex)

        for i in range(0, len(self.control["QTableWidget"])):
            currentRow = self.control["QTableWidget"][i].rowCount()
            row = int(self.control["QComboBox"][5].currentText())
            column = self.control["QTableWidget"][i].columnCount()
            data = numpy.zeros((row, column), dtype=numpy.float64)
            for j in range(0, row):
                for k in range(0, column):
                    if j < currentRow:
                        # noinspection PyBroadException
                        try:
                            data[j][k] = float(self.control["QTableWidget"][i].item(j, k).text())
                        except:
                            data[j][k] = 0
            self.controlData[imageName]["QTableWidget"]["data"].append(data)

        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QSpinBox"])):
            value = self.control["QSpinBox"][j].value()
            self.controlData[imageName]["QSpinBox"]["value"].append(value)

        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QRadioButton"])):
            isChecked = self.control["QRadioButton"][j].isChecked()
            self.controlData[imageName]["QRadioButton"]["isChecked"].append(isChecked)

        ####################################################
        # refresh self.control["gravitationalSystemImage"] #
        ####################################################
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
            self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.disconnect(self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QSpinBox"])):
            self.control["QSpinBox"][j].valueChanged.disconnect(self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QRadioButton"])):
            self.control["QRadioButton"][j].clicked.disconnect(self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)
        self.imageRead(imageName="gravitationalSystemImage")
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
            self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.connect(self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QSpinBox"])):
            self.control["QSpinBox"][j].valueChanged.connect(self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QRadioButton"])):
            self.control["QRadioButton"][j].clicked.connect(self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal)

        self.statusBar().showMessage('Page data Saved.')

    def gravitationalSystemImageDraw(self):
        """
        Draw animation of solution of ordinary differential equations
        """
        ########################################################
        # refresh self.controlData["gravitationalSystemImage"] #
        ########################################################
        self.gravitationalSystemImageSignal()
        self.statusBar().showMessage('Start to solving the ordinary differential equations...')

        #####################################################
        # get parameters of ordinary differential equations #
        #####################################################
        imageName = "gravitationalSystemImage"
        aniArg = self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["currentIndex"][8:]

        data = self.controlData[imageName]["QTableWidget"]["data"][0]
        mass = data[:, 0]
        for j in range(0, len(mass)):
            if mass[j] < 0 or mass[j] == 0:
                self.statusBar().showMessage('mass[%d] must be positive.' % j)
                return

        electric = numpy.abs(data[:, 1])

        electricType = numpy.sign(data[:, 1])

        cood = data[:, 2:5]
        coodCheck = numpy.dot(cood, cood.T)
        for j in range(0, len(mass)):
            for k in range(j, len(mass)):
                if (coodCheck[j, j] + coodCheck[k, k]) == 2 * coodCheck[j, k] and j != k:
                    self.statusBar().showMessage('point[%d] and point[%d] share the same coordinate.' % (j, k))
                    return

        vel = data[:, 5:]

        if self.controlData[imageName]["QRadioButton"]["isChecked"][0]:
            GUnit = 1
            KUnit = 1
        else:
            lenUnitMap = {0: 9.46 * 10 ** 15, 1: 1000, 2: 1, 3: 0.001, 4: 10 ** (-9)}
            lenUnit = lenUnitMap[self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["currentIndex"][0]]

            timeUnitMap = {0: 3.1536 * 10 ** 7, 1: 86400, 2: 1, 3: 0.001, 4: 10 ** (-6)}
            timeUnit = timeUnitMap[self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["currentIndex"][1]]

            massUnitMap = {0: 1, 1: 1.99 * 10 ** 30, 2: 1.7 * 10 ** (-27), 3: 9.1 * 10 ** (-31)}
            massUnit = massUnitMap[self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["currentIndex"][2]]

            electricUnitMap = {0: 1, 1: 1.6 * 10 ** (-19)}
            electricUnit = electricUnitMap[self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["currentIndex"][3]]

            GUnit = 6.67408 * 10 ** (-11) * massUnit * timeUnit ** 2 / lenUnit ** 3
            KUnit = 8.987 * 10 ** 9 * electricUnit ** 2 * timeUnit ** 2 / lenUnit ** 3 / massUnit

        timeLength = int(self.control["QComboBox"][6].currentText())
        nodeNumber = int(self.control["QComboBox"][7].currentText())
        t = numpy.arange(0, timeLength, timeLength / nodeNumber)

        aniSpeed = self.controlData[imageName]["QSpinBox"]["value"][0]

        ########################################################
        # draw the solution of ordinary differential equations #
        ########################################################
        self.controlClear()

        layout = QGridLayout()
        layout.setSpacing(10)

        # noinspection PyArgumentList
        widget = QWidget()
        self.canvas["gravitationalSystemImage"] = GravitationCanvas(aniArg, mass, electric, electricType, cood, vel,
                                                                    GUnit, KUnit, t, aniSpeed, parent=widget)
        self.controlData[imageName]["save"] = [mass, electric, electricType, cood, vel, GUnit, KUnit, t,
                                               self.canvas["gravitationalSystemImage"].track,
                                               self.canvas["gravitationalSystemImage"].vector,
                                               self.canvas["gravitationalSystemImage"].acc]

        layout.addWidget(self.canvas["gravitationalSystemImage"])
        widget.setLayout(layout)
        self.setCentralWidget(widget)

        self.statusBar().showMessage('Ready')

    def convexHullImage(self):
        """
        layout and initialization data
        """
        ##########################
        # layout of current page #
        ##########################
        self.currentImage = "convexHullImage"
        self.controlClear()

        layout = QGridLayout()
        layout.setSpacing(10)

        text = ['空间维数', '散点个数', '查看迭代步数']
        position = [[0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 2, 1, 1], [0, 4, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QLabel", var={"text": text}, position=position, signal=None)

        itemText = [list(map(str, range(2, 15))), list(map(str, range(3, 50))),
                    ["-complete-"] + list(map(str, range(1, 9)))]
        currentIndex = [1, 6, 0]
        position = [[0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 3, 1, 1], [0, 5, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QComboBox", var={"itemText": itemText, "currentIndex": currentIndex},
                           position=position, signal=self.convexHullImageSignal)

        text = ['随机生成散点集']
        position = [[0, 6, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QPushButton", var={"text": text},
                           position=position, signal=self.convexHullImageRandom)

        # noinspection PyArgumentList
        widget = [[QWidget(), QWidget(), QWidget()]]
        matrixLayout = QGridLayout()
        matrix = [numpy.array([[6, 0, 9, 9, 6, 6, 2, 0, 6],
                               [5, 7, 2, 6, 7, 3, 7, 4, 4],
                               [8, 3, 2, 5, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5]])]
        self.controlLayout(layout=matrixLayout, name="QTableWidget", var={"headerLabels": [], "data": matrix},
                           position=[[0, 0, 1, 1]], signal=None)
        widget[0][0].setLayout(matrixLayout)

        patches_listLayout = QGridLayout()
        patches_list = [numpy.array([[4, 2, 6, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 5, 5, 5],
                                     [6, 4, 0, 6, 6, 7, 2, 7, 5, 2, 1, 7],
                                     [3, 3, 3, 7, 4, 6, 3, 2, 4, 7, 4, 1]])]
        self.controlLayout(layout=patches_listLayout, name="QTableWidget",
                           var={"headerLabels": [], "data": patches_list}, position=[[0, 0, 1, 1]], signal=None)
        widget[0][1].setLayout(patches_listLayout)

        canvasLayout = QGridLayout()
        self.canvas["convexHullImage"] = ConvexHullCanvas(matrix[0], patches_list, parent=widget[0][2])
        canvasLayout.addWidget(self.canvas["convexHullImage"])
        widget[0][2].setLayout(canvasLayout)

        text = [["Points", "Patches", "Convex Hull 3D"]]
        position = [[1, 0, 1, 7]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QTabWidget", var={"text": text, "widget": widget},
                           position=position, signal=None)

        # noinspection PyArgumentList
        widget = QWidget()
        widget.setLayout(layout)
        self.setCentralWidget(widget)

        ######################################################################
        # initialization self.controlData["convexHullImage"] then refresh it #
        # refresh self.control["convexHullImage"]                            #
        ######################################################################
        if "convexHullImage" not in self.controlData:
            self.addFrame("convexHullImage")
            self.convexHullImageSignal()
        else:
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
                self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.disconnect(self.convexHullImageSignal)
            self.imageRead(imageName="convexHullImage")
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
                self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.connect(self.convexHullImageSignal)

        self.statusBar().showMessage('Ready')

    def convexHullImageSignal(self):
        """
        respond of current page(convexHullImage), then write data into MainData.controlData
        """
        self.statusBar().showMessage('Setting patches...')

        ######################################################
        # initialization self.controlData["convexHullImage"] #
        ######################################################
        imageName = "convexHullImage"
        self.controlDataClear(imageName)

        ###############################################
        # refresh self.controlData["convexHullImage"] #
        ###############################################
        m = int(self.control["QComboBox"][0].itemText(self.control["QComboBox"][0].currentIndex()))
        n = int(self.control["QComboBox"][1].itemText(self.control["QComboBox"][1].currentIndex()))
        if m < n:
            pass
        else:
            self.statusBar().showMessage('The number of points should be more than dimension.')
            return

        list(map(str, range(4, 50)))
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
            itemText = list()
            for k in range(0, self.control["QComboBox"][j].count()):
                itemText.append(self.control["QComboBox"][j].itemText(k))
            self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["itemText"].append(itemText)

            currentIndex = self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndex()
            self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["currentIndex"].append(currentIndex)

        row = int(self.control["QComboBox"][0].currentText())
        column = int(self.control["QComboBox"][1].currentText())
        currentRow = self.control["QTableWidget"][0].rowCount()
        currentColumn = self.control["QTableWidget"][0].columnCount()
        matrix = numpy.zeros((row, column), dtype=numpy.float64)
        for j in range(0, row):
            for k in range(0, column):
                if j < currentRow and k < currentColumn:
                    # noinspection PyBroadException
                    try:
                        matrix[j][k] = float(self.control["QTableWidget"][0].item(j, k).text())
                    except:
                        matrix[j][k] = 0
        self.controlData[imageName]["QTableWidget"]["data"].append(matrix)

        obj = ConvexHullMap(matrix=matrix)
        obj.complete()
        patches = numpy.array(obj.patches).T
        self.controlData[imageName]["QTableWidget"]["data"].append(patches)

        self.controlData[imageName]["save"] = [matrix, patches]

        ##############
        # draw image #
        ##############
        if int(self.control["QComboBox"][0].currentText()) == 3:
            self.canvas[imageName].canvasData["matrix"] = matrix
            if self.control["QComboBox"][2].currentIndex() == 0:
                self.canvas[imageName].canvasData["patches_list"] = [obj.patches]
            else:
                new_obj = ConvexHullMap(matrix=matrix)
                self.canvas[imageName].canvasData["patches_list"] = [copy.deepcopy(new_obj.patches)]
                for j in range(0, int(self.control["QComboBox"][2].currentText())):
                    new_obj.classify_points()
                    if new_obj.next_points.count(None) == len(new_obj.next_points):
                        break
                    new_obj.expand_patches()
                    self.canvas[imageName].canvasData["patches_list"].append(copy.deepcopy(new_obj.patches))
        self.canvas[imageName].fig.clf()
        self.canvas[imageName].axes = axes3d.Axes3D(self.canvas[imageName].fig)
        self.canvas[imageName].complete_draw()
        self.canvas[imageName].fig.canvas.draw()

        ###########################################
        # refresh self.control["convexHullImage"] #
        ###########################################
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
            self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.disconnect(self.convexHullImageSignal)
        self.imageRead(imageName=imageName)
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
            self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.connect(self.convexHullImageSignal)

        self.statusBar().showMessage('End of setting title.')

    def convexHullImageRandom(self):
        """
        Reset coordinates of scattered point set
        """
        ###############################################
        # refresh self.controlData["convexHullImage"] #
        ###############################################
        self.statusBar().showMessage('Start to resetting coordinates of scattered points...')

        #########################################
        # get parameters of scattered point set #
        #########################################
        imageName = "convexHullImage"

        n = int(self.control["QComboBox"][0].currentText())
        m = int(self.control["QComboBox"][1].currentText())
        matrix = numpy.random.random_integers(low=0, high=10, size=(n, m))
        self.controlData[imageName]["QTableWidget"]["data"][0] = matrix
        self.controlData[imageName]["save"][0] = matrix

        self.imageRead(imageName=imageName)

        self.convexHullImageSignal()

        self.statusBar().showMessage('End of resetting coordinates of scattered points.')

    def analyticFunctionImage(self):
        """
        layout and initialization data
        """
        ##########################
        # layout of current page #
        ##########################
        self.currentImage = "analyticFunctionImage"
        self.controlClear()

        layout = QGridLayout()
        layout.setSpacing(10)

        text = ['次方数', '拉伸系数', '辐角']
        position = [[0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 2, 1, 1], [0, 4, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QLabel", var={"text": text}, position=position, signal=None)

        itemText = [list(map(str, range(1, 20)))]
        position = [[0, 1, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QComboBox", var={"itemText": itemText, "currentIndex": []},
                           position=position, signal=self.analyticFunctionImageSignal)

        var = {"range": [[1, 100], [-180, 180]], "singleStep": [1, 1],
               "prefix": [], "suffix": ['*0.1', '*pi/180'], "value": [10, 0]}
        position = [[0, 3, 1, 1], [0, 5, 1, 1]]
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QSpinBox", var=var,
                           position=position, signal=self.analyticFunctionImageSignal)

        text = [['%f*e**(i*%f)*z**%d + z = 1' % (1, 1, 0)]]
        # noinspection PyArgumentList
        widget = [[QWidget()]]
        position = [[1, 0, 1, 6]]
        widgetLayout = QGridLayout()
        self.canvas["analyticFunctionImage"] = AnalyticFunctionCanvas(1, 1, 0, parent=widget[0][0])
        widgetLayout.addWidget(self.canvas["analyticFunctionImage"])
        widget[0][0].setLayout(widgetLayout)
        self.controlLayout(layout=layout, name="QTabWidget", var={"text": text, "widget": widget},
                           position=position, signal=None)

        # noinspection PyArgumentList
        widget = QWidget()
        widget.setLayout(layout)
        self.setCentralWidget(widget)

        ############################################################################
        # initialization self.controlData["analyticFunctionImage"] then refresh it #
        # refresh self.control["analyticFunctionImage"]                            #
        ############################################################################
        if "analyticFunctionImage" not in self.controlData:
            self.addFrame("analyticFunctionImage")
            self.analyticFunctionImageSignal()
        else:
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
                self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.disconnect(self.analyticFunctionImageSignal)
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QSpinBox"])):
                self.control["QSpinBox"][j].valueChanged.disconnect(self.analyticFunctionImageSignal)
            self.imageRead(imageName="analyticFunctionImage")
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
                self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.connect(self.analyticFunctionImageSignal)
            for j in range(0, len(self.control["QSpinBox"])):
                self.control["QSpinBox"][j].valueChanged.disconnect(self.analyticFunctionImageSignal)

        self.statusBar().showMessage('Ready')

    def analyticFunctionImageSignal(self):
        """
        respond of current page(analyticFunctionImage), then write data into MainData.controlData
        """
        self.statusBar().showMessage('Starting draw image...')

        ############################################################
        # initialization self.controlData["analyticFunctionImage"] #
        ############################################################
        imageName = "analyticFunctionImage"
        self.controlDataClear(imageName)

        #####################################################
        # refresh self.controlData["analyticFunctionImage"] #
        #####################################################
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
            itemText = list()
            for k in range(0, self.control["QComboBox"][j].count()):
                itemText.append(self.control["QComboBox"][j].itemText(k))
            self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["itemText"].append(itemText)

            currentIndex = self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndex()
            self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["currentIndex"].append(currentIndex)

        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QSpinBox"])):
            value = self.control["QSpinBox"][j].value()
            self.controlData[imageName]["QSpinBox"]["value"].append(value)

        ##############
        # draw image #
        ##############
        self.canvas[imageName].n = self.controlData[imageName]["QComboBox"]["currentIndex"][0] + 1
        self.canvas[imageName].r = self.controlData[imageName]["QSpinBox"]["value"][0] * 0.1
        self.canvas[imageName].t = self.controlData[imageName]["QSpinBox"]["value"][1] * math.pi / 180
        text = '%f*e**(i*%f)*z**%d + z = 1' % (self.canvas[imageName].n, self.canvas[imageName].r,
                                               self.canvas[imageName].t)
        self.control["QTabWidget"][0].setTabText(0, text)
        self.canvas[imageName].fig.clf()
        self.canvas[imageName].axes = self.canvas[imageName].fig.add_subplot(111)
        self.canvas[imageName].axes.grid(True)
        self.canvas[imageName].complete_draw()
        self.canvas[imageName].fig.canvas.draw()

        ################################################
        # refresh self.control["analyticFunctionImage"] #
        ################################################
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
            self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.disconnect(self.analyticFunctionImageSignal)
        self.imageRead(imageName=imageName)
        for j in range(0, len(self.control["QComboBox"])):
            self.control["QComboBox"][j].currentIndexChanged.connect(self.analyticFunctionImageSignal)

        self.statusBar().showMessage('Image is drawn.')

    @staticmethod
    def sourceCodeImage():
        """
        @
        """
        pass

    def keyPressEvent(self, event):
        """
        :param event:
        :return:
        """
        if event.key() == Qt.Key_Escape:
            try:
                if self.currentImage == "rainImage":
                    self.orthogonalTableImage()
                elif self.currentImage == "orthogonalTableImage":
                    pass
                elif self.currentImage == "convexHullImage":
                    pass
                elif self.currentImage == "gravitationalSystemImage":
                    self.gravitationalSystemImage()
                elif self.currentImage == "analyticFunctionImage":
                    pass
            except KeyError:
                self.startImage()
            self.statusBar().showMessage('Esc is pressed!')

    def showOpenDialog(self):
        """
        @
        """
        # noinspection PyCallByClass,SpellCheckingInspection
        fname = QFileDialog.getOpenFileName(self, 'Open file', '/home')

        # if fname[0]:
        #     # noinspection PyArgumentEqualDefault
        #     f = open(fname[0], 'r')
        #     with f:
        #         data = f.read()
        #         self.textEdit.setText(data)

    def buttonClicked(self):
        """
        @
        """
        sender = self.sender()
        self.statusBar().showMessage(sender.text() + ' was pressed')
        # noinspection PyCallByClass,PyTypeChecker
        QInputDialog.getText(self, 'Input Dialog', 'Enter your name:')

    def closeEvent(self, event):
        """
        @
        """
        # noinspection PyCallByClass,PyTypeChecker
        reply = QMessageBox.question(self, 'Message', "Are you sure to quit?",
                                     QMessageBox.Yes | QMessageBox.No, QMessageBox.No)
        if reply == QMessageBox.Yes:
            event.accept()
        else:
            event.ignore()

功能展示

开始界面：

 正交试验表页面：

凸包页面：

常微分方程组页面：

目前为止只制作了4个模块，后续我在博客里每多写一篇理论性的文章的时候，都会添加图形演示至本文章。

声明

本文由“Hamilton算符”原创，未经博主允许不得转载！