• 用Buildout来构建Python项目


    用Buildout来构建Python项目

     

    什么是Buildout

    alt Buildout
    (Remixed by Matt Hamilton, original from http://xkcd.com/303)

    Buildout是一个基于Python的构建工具, 通过一个配置文件,可以从多个部分创建、组装并部署你的应用,即使应用包含了非Python的组件,Buildout也能够胜任. Buildout不但能够像setuptools一样自动更新或下载安装依赖包,而且还能够像virtualenv一样,构建一个封闭隔离的开发环境.

    初始化Buildout

    首先我们新建一个目录来共享Buildout配置和文件:

    ~/Projects$ mkdir buildout
    ~/Projects$ cd buildout
    

    下载一个2.0的bootstrap.py脚本:

    ~/Projects/buildout$ wget http://downloads.buildout.org/2/bootstrap.py
    

    然后创建一个Buildout的配置文件:

    ~/Projects/buildout$ touch buildout.cfg
    

    运行bootstrap.py来生成Buildout相关的文件和目录:

    ~/Projects/buildout$ python bootstrap.py
    Creating directory '/Users/Eric/Projects/buildout/bin'.
    Creating directory '/Users/Eric/Projects/buildout/parts'.
    Creating directory '/Users/Eric/Projects/buildout/eggs'.
    Creating directory '/Users/Eric/Projects/buildout/develop-eggs'.
    Generated script '/Users/Eric/Projects/buildout/bin/buildout'.
    

    从上面可以看出,创建了目录bin,parts,eggs,develop-eggs,在bin目录下生成了buildout脚本:

    • bin目录用来存放生成的脚本文件
    • parts目录存放生成的数据,大多用不上
    • develop-eggs 存放指向开发目录的链接文件。和buildout.cfg中develop选项相关
    • eggs 是存放从网络上下载下来的egg包。这些包一般在buildout.cfg中的egg选项里定义

    把Python和Pyramid集成进来

    配置Buildout

    ~/Projects/buildout$ vim buildout.cfg
    [buildout]
    # 每个buildout都要有一个parts列表,也可以为空。
    # parts用来指定构建什么。如果parts中指定的段中还有parts的话,会递归构建。
    parts = tools
    
    [tools]
    # 每一段都要指定一个recipe, recipe包含python的代码,用来安装这一段,
    # zc.recipe.egg就是把一些把下面的egg安装到eggs目录中
    recipe = zc.recipe.egg
    # 定义python解释器
    interpreter = python
    # 需要安装的egg
    eggs =
        pyramid
    

    执行buildout命令来构建一下, 这将会把Pyramid集成进来:

    ~/Projects/buildout$ bin/buildout
    

    用buildout来构建项目

    现在可以创建Pyramid应用了:

    ~/Projects/buildout$ bin/pcreate -t starter myproject
    

    配置一下Buildout:

    ~/Projects/buildout$ vim buildout.cfg
    [buildout]
    parts =
        tools
        apps
    develop = myproject
    
    [tools]
    recipe = zc.recipe.egg
    interpreter = python
    eggs =
        pyramid
    
    [apps]
    recipe = zc.recipe.egg
    eggs = myproject
    

    再次运行一下buildout:

    ~/Projects/buildout$ bin/buildout
    

    现在可以再buildout的环境中启动myproject了:

    ~/Projects/buildout$ bin/pserve myproject/development.ini
    Starting server in PID 40619.
    serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
    

    最佳实践/Tips

    1. 固化egg的版本

    把所有的版本信息写到[versions]里面:

    extends = versions.cfg
    versions = versions
    show-picked-versions = true

    配置中的“show-picked-versions = true “会在运行buildout的时候把所有的版本打印出来, 把它写到"versions.cfg"中就可以固化了:

    [versions]
    Chameleon = 2.11
    Mako = 0.7.3
    MarkupSafe = 0.15
    PasteDeploy = 1.5.0
    WebOb = 1.2.3
    distribute = 0.6.35
    repoze.lru = 0.6
    translationstring = 1.1
    venusian = 1.0a7
    zc.buildout = 2.0.1
    zc.recipe.egg = 2.0.0a3
    zope.deprecation = 4.0.2
    zope.interface = 4.0.5
    
    # Required by:
    # pyramid-debugtoolbar==1.0.4
    Pygments = 1.6
    
    # Required by:
    # myproject==0.0
    pyramid = 1.4
    
    # Required by:
    # myproject==0.0
    pyramid-debugtoolbar = 1.0.4
    
    # Required by:
    # myproject==0.0
    waitress = 0.8.2
    

    2. 使用mr.developer插件来组织大型的项目, 让开发更方便

    [buildout]
    ...
    extensions = mr.developer
    …
    

    3. 开发环境 VS 生产环境

    我们可以创建多个配置文件, 比如把buildout.cfg作为生产环境的配置, 把develop的配置从buildout.cfg删除, 创建一个development.cfg作为开发环境的配置:

    [buildout]
    extends = buildout.cfg
    develop = myproject

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/HacTF/p/8082386.html
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