• Java中String和byte[]间的转换浅析


    Java语言中字符串类型和字节数组类型相互之间的转换经常发生,网上的分析及代码也比较多,本文将分析总结常规的byte[]和String间的转换以及十六进制String和byte[]间相互转换的原理及实现。

    1. String转byte[]

    首先我们来分析一下常规的String转byte[]的方法,代码如下:

    public static byte[] strToByteArray(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        byte[] byteArray = str.getBytes();
        return byteArray;
    }

    很简单,就是调用String类的getBytes()方法。看JDK源码可以发现该方法最终调用了String类如下的方法。

    /**
     * JDK source code
     */
    public byte[] getBytes(Charset charset) {
        String canonicalCharsetName = charset.name();
        if (canonicalCharsetName.equals("UTF-8")) {
            return Charsets.toUtf8Bytes(value, offset, count);
        } else if (canonicalCharsetName.equals("ISO-8859-1")) {
            return Charsets.toIsoLatin1Bytes(value, offset, count);
        } else if (canonicalCharsetName.equals("US-ASCII")) {
            return Charsets.toAsciiBytes(value, offset, count);
        } else if (canonicalCharsetName.equals("UTF-16BE")) {
            return Charsets.toBigEndianUtf16Bytes(value, offset, count);
        } else {
            CharBuffer chars = CharBuffer.wrap(this.value, this.offset, this.count);
            ByteBuffer buffer = charset.encode(chars.asReadOnlyBuffer());
            byte[] bytes = new byte[buffer.limit()];
            buffer.get(bytes);
            return bytes;
        }
    }

    上述代码其实就是根据给定的编码方式进行编码。如果调用的是不带参数的getBytes()方法,则使用默认的编码方式,如下代码所示:

    /**
     * JDK source code
     */
    private static Charset getDefaultCharset() {
        String encoding = System.getProperty("file.encoding", "UTF-8");
        try {
            return Charset.forName(encoding);
        } catch (UnsupportedCharsetException e) {
            return Charset.forName("UTF-8");
        }
    }

    关于默认的编码方式,Java API是这样说的:

    The default charset is determined during virtual-machine startup and typically depends upon the locale and charset of the underlying operating system.

    同样,由上述代码可以看出,默认编码方式是由System类的"file.encoding"属性决定的,经过测试,在简体中文Windows操作系统下,默认编码方式为"GBK",在Android平台上,默认编码方式为"UTF-8"。

    2. byte[]转String

    接下来分析一下常规的byte[]转为String的方法,代码如下:

    public static String byteArrayToStr(byte[] byteArray) {
        if (byteArray == null) {
            return null;
        }
        String str = new String(byteArray);
        return str;
    }

    很简单,就是String的构造方法之一。那我们分析Java中String的源码,可以看出所有以byte[]为参数的构造方法最终都调用了如下代码所示的构造方法。需要注意的是Java中String类的数据是Unicode类型的,因此上述的getBytes()方法是把Unicode类型转化为指定编码方式的byte数组;而这里的Charset为读取该byte数组时所使用的编码方式。

    /**
     * JDK source code
     */
    public String(byte[] data, int offset, int byteCount, Charset charset) {
        if ((offset | byteCount) < 0 || byteCount > data.length - offset) { 
            throw failedBoundsCheck(data.length, offset, byteCount);
        }
        // We inline UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, and US-ASCII decoders for speed and because
        // 'count' and 'value' are final.
        String canonicalCharsetName = charset.name();
        if (canonicalCharsetName.equals("UTF-8")) {
            byte[] d = data;
            char[] v = new char[byteCount];
            int idx = offset;
            int last = offset + byteCount;
            int s = 0;
            outer:
            while (idx < last) {
                byte b0 = d[idx++];
                if ((b0 & 0x80) == 0) {
                    // 0xxxxxxx
                    // Range:  U-00000000 - U-0000007F
                    int val = b0 & 0xff;
                    v[s++] = (char) val;
                } else if (((b0 & 0xe0) == 0xc0) || ((b0 & 0xf0) == 0xe0) ||
                    ((b0 & 0xf8) == 0xf0) || ((b0 & 0xfc) == 0xf8) || ((b0 & 0xfe)
                    == 0xfc)) {
                    int utfCount = 1;
                    if ((b0 & 0xf0) == 0xe0) utfCount = 2;
                    else if ((b0 & 0xf8) == 0xf0) utfCount = 3;
                    else if ((b0 & 0xfc) == 0xf8) utfCount = 4;
                    else if ((b0 & 0xfe) == 0xfc) utfCount = 5;
                    // 110xxxxx (10xxxxxx)+
                    // Range:  U-00000080 - U-000007FF (count == 1)
                    // Range:  U-00000800 - U-0000FFFF (count == 2)
                    // Range:  U-00010000 - U-001FFFFF (count == 3)
                    // Range:  U-00200000 - U-03FFFFFF (count == 4)
                    // Range:  U-04000000 - U-7FFFFFFF (count == 5)
                    if (idx + utfCount > last) {
                        v[s++] = REPLACEMENT_CHAR;
                        continue;
                    }
                    // Extract usable bits from b0
                    int val = b0 & (0x1f >> (utfCount - 1));
                    for (int i = 0; i < utfCount; ++i) {
                        byte b = d[idx++];
                        if ((b & 0xc0) != 0x80) {
                            v[s++] = REPLACEMENT_CHAR;
                            idx--; // Put the input char back
                            continue outer;
                        }
                        // Push new bits in from the right side
                        val <<= 6;
                        val |= b & 0x3f;
                    }
                    // Note: Java allows overlong char
                    // specifications To disallow, check that val
                    // is greater than or equal to the minimum
                    // value for each count:
                    //
                    // count    min value
                    // -----   ----------
                    //   1           0x80
                    //   2          0x800
                    //   3        0x10000
                    //   4       0x200000
                    //   5      0x4000000
                    // Allow surrogate values (0xD800 - 0xDFFF) to
                    // be specified using 3-byte UTF values only
                    if ((utfCount != 2) && (val >= 0xD800) && (val <= 0xDFFF)) {
                        v[s++] = REPLACEMENT_CHAR;
                        continue;
                    }
                    // Reject chars greater than the Unicode maximum of U+10FFFF.
                    if (val > 0x10FFFF) {
                        v[s++] = REPLACEMENT_CHAR;
                        continue;
                    }
                    // Encode chars from U+10000 up as surrogate pairs
                    if (val < 0x10000) {
                        v[s++] = (char) val;
                    } else {
                        int x = val & 0xffff;
                        int u = (val >> 16) & 0x1f;
                        int w = (u - 1) & 0xffff;
                        int hi = 0xd800 | (w << 6) | (x >> 10);
                        int lo = 0xdc00 | (x & 0x3ff);
                        v[s++] = (char) hi;
                        v[s++] = (char) lo;
                    }
                } else {
                    // Illegal values 0x8*, 0x9*, 0xa*, 0xb*, 0xfd-0xff
                    v[s++] = REPLACEMENT_CHAR;
                }
            }
            if (s == byteCount) {
                // We guessed right, so we can use our temporary array as-is.
                this.offset = 0;
                this.value = v;
                this.count = s;
            } else {
                // Our temporary array was too big, so reallocate and copy.
                this.offset = 0;
                this.value = new char[s];
                this.count = s;
                System.arraycopy(v, 0, value, 0, s);
            }
        } else if (canonicalCharsetName.equals("ISO-8859-1")) {
            this.offset = 0;
            this.value = new char[byteCount];
            this.count = byteCount;
            Charsets.isoLatin1BytesToChars(data, offset, byteCount, value);
        } else if (canonicalCharsetName.equals("US-ASCII")) {
            this.offset = 0;
            this.value = new char[byteCount];
            this.count = byteCount;
            Charsets.asciiBytesToChars(data, offset, byteCount, value);
        } else {
            CharBuffer cb = charset.decode(ByteBuffer.wrap(data, offset, byteCount));
            this.offset = 0;
            this.count = cb.length();
            if (count > 0) {
                // We could use cb.array() directly, but that would mean we'd have to trust
                // the CharsetDecoder doesn't hang on to the CharBuffer and mutate it later,
                // which would break String's immutability guarantee. It would also tend to
                // mean that we'd be wasting memory because CharsetDecoder doesn't trim the
                // array. So we copy.
                this.value = new char[count];
                System.arraycopy(cb.array(), 0, value, 0, count);
            } else {
                this.value = EmptyArray.CHAR;
            }
        }
    }

    具体的转换过程较为复杂,其实就是将byte数组的一个或多个元素按指定的Charset类型读取并转换为char类型(char本身就是以Unicode编码方式存储的),因为String类的核心是其内部维护的char数组。因此有兴趣的同学可以研究下各种编码方式的编码规则,然后才能看懂具体的转换过程。

    3. byte[]转十六进制String

    所谓十六进制String,就是字符串里面的字符都是十六进制形式,因为一个byte是八位,可以用两个十六进制位来表示,因此,byte数组中的每个元素可以转换为两个十六进制形式的char,所以最终的HexString的长度是byte数组长度的两倍。闲话少说上代码:

    public static String byteArrayToHexStr(byte[] byteArray) {
        if (byteArray == null){
            return null;
        }
        char[] hexArray = "0123456789ABCDEF".toCharArray();
        char[] hexChars = new char[byteArray.length * 2];
        for (int j = 0; j < byteArray.length; j++) {
            int v = byteArray[j] & 0xFF;
            hexChars[j * 2] = hexArray[v >>> 4];
            hexChars[j * 2 + 1] = hexArray[v & 0x0F];
        }
        return new String(hexChars);
    }

    上述代码中,之所以要将byte数值和0xFF按位与,是因为我们为了方便后面的无符号移位操作(无符号右移运算符>>>只对32位和64位的值有意义),要将byte数据转换为int类型,而如果直接转换就会出现问题。因为java里面二进制是以补码形式存在的,如果直接转换,位扩展会产生问题,如值为-1的byte存储的二进制形式为其补码11111111,而转换为int后为11111111111111111111111111111111,直接使用该值结果就不对了。而0xFF默认是int类型,即0x000000FF,一个byte值跟0xFF相与会先将那个byte值转化成int类型运算,这样,相与的结果中高的24个比特就总会被清0,后面的运算才会正确。

    4. 十六进制String转byte[]

    没什么好说的了,就是byte[]转十六进制String的逆过程,放代码:

    public static byte[] hexStrToByteArray(String str)
    {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (str.length() == 0) {
            return new byte[0];
        }
        byte[] byteArray = new byte[str.length() / 2];
        for (int i = 0; i < byteArray.length; i++){
            String subStr = str.substring(2 * i, 2 * i + 2);
            byteArray[i] = ((byte)Integer.parseInt(subStr, 16));
        }
        return byteArray;
    }

    文中所有代码可以在个人github主页查看和下载。

    另,个人技术博客,同步更新,欢迎关注!转载请注明出处!文中若有什么错误希望大家探讨指正!

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/Free-Thinker/p/6530280.html
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