Python学习之路—2018/7/11
3.功能开发
3.1 登录验证
login.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>博客开发系统</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/blog/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<link rel="icon" href="/static/blog/image/favicon.ico">
<style type="text/css">
body {
background: url(../static/blog/image/bk.jpeg) no-repeat;
background-size: 100%;
overflow: hidden;
}
h3 {
padding: 10px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4 col-md-offset-4" style="margin-top: 100px">
<form>
{% csrf_token %}
<div class="well">
<h3>登录</h3>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="username">用户名</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="username" placeholder="用户名" autocomplete="off">
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="password">密码</label>
<input type="password" class="form-control" id="password" placeholder="密码" autocomplete="off">
</div>
<div class="row form-group">
<div class="col-md-6">
<label for="password">验证码</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="verify_code" placeholder="请输入验证码" autocomplete="off">
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<label for="picture"></label>
<img src="/verify_code" style="height: 40px; 183px" id="verify_code_img">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<span id="error"></span>
<input type="button" class="btn btn-success form-control login-btn" value="登录">
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</body>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/static/blog/js/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$("#verify_code_img").click(function () {
$(this)[0].src += "?"
});
$(".login-btn").click(function () {
$.ajax({
url: "/login/",
type: "POST",
data: {
"username": $("#username").val(),
"password": $("#password").val(),
"verify_code": $("#verify_code").val(),
},
success:function (data) {
if(data["user"]){
location.href = "/index/"
}
else {
$("#error").html(data["msg"]).css({"color": "red"})
}
}
})
})
</script>
</html>
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse
from django.http import JsonResponse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from django.contrib import auth
from blog.utils.verify_code import *
@csrf_exempt
def login(request):
if request.method == "GET":
return render(request, "login.html")
elif request.method == 'POST':
username = request.POST.get("username")
password = request.POST.get("password")
verify_codes = request.POST.get("verify_code")
verify_code_str = request.session.get("verify_code_str")
response = {"user": None, "msg": None}
if verify_codes.upper() == verify_code_str.upper():
user = auth.authenticate(username=username, password=password)
if user:
auth.login(request, user)
response["user"] = user.username
else:
response["msg"] = "用户名或者密码错误!"
else:
response["msg"] = "验证码错误!"
return JsonResponse(response)
def verify_code(request):
data = get_verify_code(request)
return HttpResponse(data)
def index(request):
return render(request, "index.html")
verify_code.py
import random
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, ImageFilter
from io import BytesIO
def random_color():
color = (random.randint(64, 255), random.randint(64, 255), random.randint(64, 255))
return color
def random_color2():
color = (random.randint(32, 127), random.randint(32, 127), random.randint(32, 127))
return color
def random_char():
"""
随机数/字母
"""
random_num = str(random.randint(0, 9))
random_low = chr(random.randint(97, 122)) # a~z
random_upper = chr(random.randint(65, 90)) # A~Z
random_chars = random.choice([random_num, random_low, random_upper])
return random_chars
def get_verify_code(request):
"""
动态生成验证码
"""
image = Image.new("RGB", (183, 40), (255, 255, 255))
image_font = ImageFont.truetype("static/blog/font/Arial.ttf", 32)
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
# 给每个坐标填充颜色,填充噪点
for x in range(183):
for y in range(40):
draw.point((x, y), fill=random_color())
verify_code_str = ""
for i in range(5):
random_chars = random_char()
verify_code_str += random_chars
draw.text((20+i*30, 0), random_chars, font=image_font, fill=random_color2())
image = image.filter(ImageFilter.BLUR) # 模糊处理
# 放到磁盘中,但是速度比较慢,推荐放在内存中
# with open("verify_code.png", "wb") as f:
# image.save(f)
#
# with open("verify_code.png", "rb") as f:
# data = f.read()
request.session["verify_code_str"] = verify_code_str
f = BytesIO()
image.save(f, "png")
data = f.getvalue()
return data
登录界面效果如下图所示:
总结:
- 一次请求伴随着多次静态的请求,例如css文件的请求
- 利用PIL模块动态制作验证码
- 验证码使用session存储(session首先会生成一个sessionid,接着会在cookie中存储sessionid,最后想session表中插入数据,包括sessionid以及session内容,一个浏览器对应一条session数据)
- 验证码的刷新,每次点击验证功能图片时,在其src的末尾加上 ?,这样每次点击图片便会刷新验证码
- 遵循“高耦合低内聚”原则,将动态生成验证码的功能存放在另一个py文件中
进阶-滑动验证码(geetest插件的使用)
首先需要安装social-auth-app-django模块
pip install social-auth-app-django
接着从https://github.com/GeeTeam/gt-python-sdk/ 下载geetest.py ,将其放入项目中
login.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>博客开发系统</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/blog/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/blog/css/blog.css">
<link rel="icon" href="/static/blog/image/favicon.ico">
<style type="text/css">
body {
background: url(../static/blog/image/bk.jpeg) no-repeat;
background-size: 100%;
overflow: hidden;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4 col-md-offset-4" style="margin-top: 100px">
<form>
{% csrf_token %}
<div class="well">
<div class="login-head">
{% block head %}
<h3 style="display: inline-block">登录</h3>
<a id="register">立即注册</a>
{% endblock head %}
</div>
{% block content %}}
<div class="form-group">
<label for="username">用户名</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="username" placeholder="用户名" autocomplete="off">
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="password">密码</label>
<input type="password" class="form-control" id="password" placeholder="密码" autocomplete="off">
</div>
{% endblock content %}
<div class="form-group">
<span id="error"></span>
{% block submit %}
<input type="button" class="btn btn-success form-control login-btn" value="登录">
{% endblock submit %}
</div>
<div id="popup-captcha"></div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</body>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/static/blog/js/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://static.geetest.com/static/tools/gt.js"></script>
<script src="/static/blog/js/blog.js"></script>
</html>
blog.css
a:hover {
cursor: pointer;
text-decoration: none;
}
.login-head {
margin-bottom: 10px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.login-head a {
margin-left: 287px;
color: #5cb85c;
}
blog.js
var handlerPopup = function (captchaObj) {
// 成功的回调
captchaObj.onSuccess(function () {
var validate = captchaObj.getValidate();
$.ajax({
url: "/login/", // 进行二次验证
type: "post",
dataType: "json",
data: {
username: $('#username').val(),
password: $('#password').val(),
geetest_challenge: validate.geetest_challenge,
geetest_validate: validate.geetest_validate,
geetest_seccode: validate.geetest_seccode
},
success: function (data) {
if(data["user"]){
location.href = "/index/"
}
else {
$("#error").html(data["msg"]).css({"color": "red"}) //提示错误信息
}
}
});
});
$(".login-btn").click(function () {
captchaObj.show();
});
// 将验证码加到id为captcha的元素里
captchaObj.appendTo("#popup-captcha");
// 更多接口参考:http://www.geetest.com/install/sections/idx-client-sdk.html
};
// 验证开始需要向网站主后台获取id,challenge,success(是否启用failback)
$.ajax({
url: "/pc-geetest/register?t=" + (new Date()).getTime(), // 加随机数防止缓存
type: "get",
dataType: "json",
success: function (data) {
// 使用initGeetest接口
// 参数1:配置参数
// 参数2:回调,回调的第一个参数验证码对象,之后可以使用它做appendTo之类的事件
initGeetest({
gt: data.gt,
challenge: data.challenge,
product: "popup", // 产品形式,包括:float,embed,popup。注意只对PC版验证码有效
offline: !data.success // 表示用户后台检测极验服务器是否宕机,一般不需要关注
// 更多配置参数请参见:http://www.geetest.com/install/sections/idx-client-sdk.html#config
}, handlerPopup);
}
});
views.py
from django.http import JsonResponse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from blog.utils.geetest import GeetestLib
from django.contrib import auth
@csrf_exempt
def login(request):
if request.method == "GET":
return render(request, "login.html")
elif request.method == 'POST':
# 滑动验证码,利用geetest插件
gt = GeetestLib(pc_geetest_id, pc_geetest_key)
status = request.session[gt.GT_STATUS_SESSION_KEY]
username = request.POST.get("username")
password = request.POST.get("password")
response = {"user": None, "msg": None}
if status:
user = auth.authenticate(username=username, password=password)
if user:
auth.login(request, user)
response["user"] = user.username
else:
response["msg"] = "用户名或者密码错误!"
return JsonResponse(response)
展示效果:
3.2 注册用户
首先在项目中创建media文件夹,在media目录下创建avatars文件夹,这个文件主要存放用户上传的文件
Django有两种静态文件,分别是static以及media,static主要存放js,css,img等服务器自己的文件,而media主要存放用户上传的文件。
我们需要配置settings中的media信息MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "media")
,配置好以后每次用户上传的文件Django会存放到/media/avatars目录下,如果用户没有创建avatars目录,Django会自动创建该目录。其次需要配置MEDIA_URL = "/media/"
,并在urls.py中配置相关信息,这样我们便可以在浏览器中访问到media资源
urls.py
from django.views.static import serve
urlpatterns = [
re_path(r'media/(?P<path>.*)$', serve, {"document_root": MEDIA_ROOT}),
]
settings.py
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "media")
MEDIA_URL = "/media/"
register.html
{% extends "login.html" %}
{% block head %}
<h3 style="text-align: center">注册</h3>
{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
{% for foo in form %}
<div class="form-group">
<label for="{{ foo.auto_id }}">{{ foo.label }}</label>
{{ foo }}
<span class="error pull-right"></span>
</div>
{% endfor %}
<div class="form-group">
<label for="avatar">
头像
<img src="/static/blog/avatars/default.gif" id="avatar_img">
</label>
<input type="file" id="avatar" style="display: none">
</div>
{% endblock content %}
{% block submit %}
<input type="button" class="btn btn-success form-control" value="注册">
{% endblock submit %}
blog.css
#avatar_img {
60px;
height: 60px;
margin-left: 20px;
}
.error{
color: red;
}
blog.js
// input标签内容改变事件,即头像上传
$("#avatar").change(function () {
var file = $(this)[0].files[0]; // 获取图片路径
var reader = new FileReader(); // 文本阅读器
reader.readAsDataURL(file); // 读取文件的路径
reader.onload = function () {
$("#avatar_img").attr("src", reader.result) // 将图片的路径写入img标签的src中
}
});
// 注册用户
$(".reg-btn").click(function () {
var formdata = new FormData();
var request_list = $("#form").serializeArray(); // 包含form表单中所有标签的name和value
$.each(request_list, function (index, data) {
formdata.append(data.name, data.value)
/*
相当于:
formdata.append("username",$("#id_username").val());
formdata.append("password",$("#id_password").val());
formdata.append("re_password",$("#id_re_password").val());
formdata.append("email",$("#id_email").val());
*/
});
formdata.append("avatar", $("#avatar")[0].files[0]);
$.ajax({
url: "/register/",
type: "POST",
contentType: false, // 必加参数
processData: false, // 必加参数
data: formdata,
success: function (data) {
$("span.error").html(""); // 移除上一次的错误信息
$(".has-error").removeClass("has-error"); // 移除上一次错误信息框样式
if (data.user) {
location.href = "/login/" //注册成功则返回登录界面
}
else {
var error_list = data.msg;
$.each(error_list, function (field, error) {
if (field == "__all__"){
$("#id_re_password").next().html(error[0]).parent().addClass("has-error") // 对全局钩子的单独处理
}
$("#id_" + field).next().html(error[0]); // 找寻对应id的input标签后面的span标签,将错误信息写入
$("#id_" + field).parent().addClass("has-error"); // 给含有错误信息的input标签添加css样式
})
}
}
})
});
my_forms.py
from django import forms
from .models import *
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
wid_1 = forms.widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class": "form-control", "autocomplete": "off"})
wid_2 = forms.widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={"class": "form-control"})
class UserForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(max_length=32, label="用户名", widget=wid_1,
error_messages={"required": "该字段不能为空!"})
password = forms.CharField(min_length=8, label="密码", widget=wid_2,
error_messages={"min_length": "密码长度至少8位!",
"required": "该字段不能为空!"})
re_password = forms.CharField(min_length=8, label="确认密码", widget=wid_2,
error_messages={"min_length": "密码长度至少8位!",
"required": "该字段不能为空!"})
email = forms.EmailField(label="邮箱", widget=wid_1,
error_messages={"invalid": "邮箱格式错误!"})
def clean_username(self):
username = self.cleaned_data.get("username")
user = User.objects.filter(username=username)
if not user:
return username
else:
raise ValidationError("该用户已经被注册!")
def clean(self):
password = self.cleaned_data.get("password")
re_password = self.cleaned_data.get("re_password")
if password == re_password:
return self.cleaned_data
else:
raise ValidationError("两次密码不一致!")
views.py
from blog.my_forms import *
def register(request):
user = UserForm()
if request.method == "GET":
return render(request, "register.html", locals())
elif request.method == "POST":
response = {"user": None, "msg": None}
user = UserForm(request.POST)
if user.is_valid():
username = user.cleaned_data.get("username")
response["user"] = username
password = user.cleaned_data.get("password")
email = user.cleaned_data.get("email")
avatar_obj = request.FILES.get("avatar")
if avatar_obj: # 如果用户上传了头像,则创建用户时将其传入,没有则传递其他填写的信息
user_obj = User.objects.create_user(username, email, password, avatar=avatar_obj)
else:
user_obj = User.objects.create_user(username, email, password)
else:
response["msg"] = user.errors # 包含了所有的错误信息
return JsonResponse(response)
展示效果:
总结:
- label标签添加for属性(内容为某个标签的id),点击label相当于点击for属性中的标签。利用此特性,将文件上传input隐藏,添加一个label与其绑定,接着在label中添加img,这样点击图片便可以实现文件上传。
- 文件的路径通过
$(xx)[0].files[0]
来获取 - 实现上传头像的预览主要分为三步,第一获取图片的路径,第二步读取图片的路径,第三步将图片路径写入img标签中
- 文本阅读器中的readAsDataURL是异步的,所以会出现还没有读取图片路径就写入了,从而产生一个unknow对象,所以需要用到onload方法,onload会在所有资源加载完之后运行。
- 上传文件时需要用到FormData,使用FormData时必须加ajax中加
contentType: false,processData: false
这两个参数 - 向FormData中插入数据的时候,可以通过
$("xxx").serializeArray()
(包含了form表单中所有输入框的name以及value)循环添加,减少代码量 - Media的配置,将服务器的文件存放在static中,用户上传的文件存放在media/avatars中。Media_url的配置,使用户可以从浏览器访问media资源