FnOnce , FnMut <RUST>

FnOnce 

#[lang = "fn_once"]
#[must_use = "closures are lazy and do nothing unless called"]
pub trait FnOnce<Args> {
    type Output;
    extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, args: Args) -> Self::Output;
}

The version of the call operator that takes a by-value receiver.

Instance of FnOnce can be called, but might not be callable multiple times. Because of this, if the only thing known about a type is that it implements FnOnce, it can only be called once.

FnOnce is implemented automatically by closure that might consumer captured variable, as well as all types that implement FnMut, e.g(safe)function pointer (since FnOnce is a supertrait of FnMut).

Since both Fn and FnMut are subtraits of FnOnce, any instance of Fn or FnMut can be used where a FnOnce is expected.

Use FnOnce as a bound when you want to accept a parameter of function-like type and only need to call it once. If you need to call the parameter repeatedly, use FnMut as a bound; if you also need it to not mutate state, use Fn.

Aslo of note is the sapcial syntax for Fn traits(e.g Fn(usize, bool) -> usize). Those interested in the technical details of this can refer to the relevant section in the Rustonmicon.

fn consume_with_relish<F>(func: F) 
    where F: FnOnce() -> String
{
    // 'func' consumers it captured variables, so it cannot be run more than once.
    println!("Consumed: {}", func());
    
    println!("Delicious!");

    //Attempting to invoke 'func()' again will therow a 'use of moved 
    // value 'error for 'func'
}

let x = String::from("x");
let consume_and_return_x = move || x;
consume_with_relish(consume_and_return_x);

 FnMut 

Trait std::ops::FnMut

#[lang = "fn_mut"]
#[must_use = "clousure are lazy and do nothing unless called"]
pub trait FnMut<Args>: FnOnce<Args> {
    extern "rust-call" fn call_mut(&mut self, args: Args) -> Self::Output;
}

The version of the call operator that takes a mutale receiver.

Instance of FnMut can be called repeatedly and many mutate state.

FnMut is implemented automatically by closures which take mutable reeferences to captured variables, as well as all types that implement Fn, e.g, (safe) functuin pointer(since FnMut is a supertrait of Fn). Additionally, for any type F that implements FnMut, &mut F implements FnMut, too.

pub fn map<F, T, U>(values: Vec<T>, mut f: F) -> Vec<U> 
    where F: FnMut(T) -> U, {
    let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(values.len());
    for val in vlaues { 
        v.push(f(val));
    }
    v
}


fn square(x: i32) -> i32 {
    x * x
}

#[test]
fn func_single() {
    let input = vec![2];
    let expected = vec![4];
    assert_eq!(map(input, square), expected);
}

#[test]
#[ignore]
fn func_multi() {
    let input = vec![2, 3, 4, 5];
    let expected = vec![4,9,16,25];
    assert_eq!(map(input, square),expected);
}

#[test]
#[ignore]
fn closure() {
    let input = vec![2, 3, 4, 5];
    let expected = vec![4,9, 16, 25];
    assert_eq!(map(input, |x| x*x), expected);
}

#[test]
#[ignore]
fn closure_floats() {
    let input = vec![2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0];
    let expected  = vec![4.0, 9.0, 16.0, 25.0];
    assert_eq!(map(input, |x| x*x), expected);
}

#[test]
#[ignore]
fn strings() {
    let input = vec!["1".to_stirng(), "2".into(), "3".into()];
    let expected = vec!["11".to_string(), "22".into(), "33".into()];
    assert_eq!(map(input, |s| s.repeat(2)), expected);
}


#[test]
#[ignore]
fn change_in_type() {
    let input: Vec<&str> = vec!["1", "2", "3"];
    let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["1".into(), "2".into(), "3".into()];
    assert_eq!(map(input, |s| s.to_string()), expected);
}

#[test]
#[ignore]
fn mutaing_closure() {
    let mut counter = 0;
    let input = vec![-2, 3, 4, -5];
    let expected = vec![2, 3, 4,5];
    let result = map(input, |x:i64| {
        counter += 1;
        x.abs()
    });
    assert_eq!(result, expected);
    assert_eq!(counter, 4);
}

#[test]
#[ignore]
fn minimal_bounds_on_input_and_output() {
    // mut be able to accept arbitrary input and output types
    struct Foo;
    struct Bar;
    map(vec![Foo], |_| Bar);
}