使用Vagrant在Windows下部署开发环境

1. Vagrant功能:

     Vagrant uses Oracle’s VirtualBox to build configurable, lightweight, and portable virtual machines dynamically..

      【Vagrant 使用Oracle VM VirtualBox 动态创建和配置轻量级的，可重现的，便携的虚拟机环境。】

2. Vagrant下载:

      http://downloads.vagrantup.com/tags/v1.0.5

3. Vagrant安装:

       3.1. 下载并安装Oracle VM VirtualBox: 例如在Windows环境下，需要安装VirtualBox-4.2.0-80737-Win.exe

               https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads

       3.2. 下载并安装最新版本的Vagrant:

              http://downloads.vagrantup.com/

       [注]在 Windows and Mac OS X,vagrant 命令应该自动添加到环境变量PATH. 但是在其他操作系统下, 你必须手动添加/opt/vagrant/bin 到环境变量PATH。

4. Vagrant命令

       Vagrant安装完成之后，我们就可以从命令行通过vagrant命令来进行操作。vagrant 常用命令如下：

       vagrant box add <name> <url>
       vagrant box list
       vagrant box remove <name>
       vagrant box repackage <name> 
       vagrant init [box-name] [box-url]
       vagrant up [vm-name] [--[no-]provision] [-h]
       vagrant destroy [vm-name]
       vagrant suspend [vm-name]
       vagrant reload [vm-name]
       vagrant resume [vm-name]
       vagrant halt [vm-name]
       vagrant status [vm-name] 
       vagrant package [vm-name] [--base name] [--output name.box][--include one,two,three] [--vagrantfile file]
       vagrant provision [vm-name]
       vagrant ssh [vm-name] [-c command] [-- extra ssh args]
       vagrant ssh-config [vm-name] [--host name]

5. Vagrantfile

       任何Vagrant工程下都有一个Vagrantfile, 就像makefile一样，Vagrantfile用来配置vagrant的行为所创建虚拟机的信息，下面是一个基本的Vagrantfile：      

       Vagrant::Config.run do |config|
           # Setup the box
           config.vm.box = "my_box"
       end

6. 创建第一个Vagrant虚拟环境以及工程:

(1)创建工程目录， 并且执行vagrant init命令，该命令会产生最初的 Vagrantfile

$ mkdir vagrant_guide
$ cd vagrant_guide
$ vagrant init

(2)添加一个Base Box:

     Vagrant不是从头开始创建虚拟机，而是导入一个虚机的base image，在这个基础上进行构建。这些image就叫做Box.

     Vagrant 支持从本地文件系统或者HTTP URL来添加boxes

    $vagrant box add base http://files.vagrantup.com/lucid32.box

     $vagrant box add base D:lucid32.box

    

(3)配置Project使用这个Box: 修改Vagrantfile为如下内容：

     Vagrant::Config.run do |config|
        config.vm.box = "base"
     end

(4)启动虚拟机

    $vagrant up

    

(5)停掉虚拟机

    $vagrant destroy

(6) SSH配置

     Vagrant 提供了对虚拟机的SSH连接，只需要执行一个命令：

    $vagrant ssh

    在Windows环境下可以使用PUTTY，配置下面的信息来连接虚拟机：

     hostname: localhost

     port:             2222

     Connection Type: SSH

     User Name:   vagrant

     Password:     vagrant

    

(7)访问刚才创建的Project.

     Vagrant 通过VirtualBox的shared folder来连接你的application和虚拟机， 默认的shared folder的卫士是/vagrant， 所以想要查看刚才创建的项目，只需要执行：

     vagrant@lucid32:~$ ls /vagrant
     index.html  Vagrantfile

(8) Provisioning：

      通常情况下Box只做最基本的设置，而不是一次到位的设置好所有的环境。Vagrant通常使用chef或者Puppet来做进一步的环境搭建。

      回到刚才创建的index.html，我们需要安装Apache。我们下面用Puppet来完成这一设置。

      1. 在项目的根目录下创建文件夹manifests，然后在该文件家中创建Puppet的配置文件default.pp，该文件内容如下：     

# Basic Puppet Apache manifest

class apache {
  exec { 'apt-get update':
    command => '/usr/bin/apt-get update'
  }

  package { "apache2":
    ensure => present,
  }

  service { "apache2":
    ensure => running,
    require => Package["apache2"],
  }
}

include apache

   2. 在Vagrantfile里添加对Puppet provisioning的支持： 

Vagrant::Config.run do |config|
  config.vm.box = "base"

  # Enable the Puppet provisioner
  config.vm.provision :puppet
end

(9) 运行Project

        为了使puppet的配置生效，如果不重启虚机，则需要执行vagrant reload命令。

         $ vagrant reload 

        因为没有配置port forwarding，所以你还不能从本地浏览器查看Project的输出。只能SSH到虚拟机上查看127.0.0.1的输出：

       

(10) 进行端口映射

        修改Vagrantfile， 添加本地端口和虚机端口的映射关系， 然后执行vagrant reload, 然后你就可以通过本地浏览器来访问：http://localhost:4567.  

   Vagrant::Config.run do |config|
        # Forward guest port 80 to host port 4567
        config.vm.forward_port 80, 4567
   end 

7. 打包 Packaging

 1. 创建一个新的文件Vagrantfile.pkg，内容如下：

     Vagrant::Config.run do |config|
                # Forward apache
                config.vm.forward_port 80, 8080
         end
    2. 打包Project       

       $ vagrant package --vagrantfile Vagrantfile.pkg

8. 打包完成后，在工程根目录下就会生成package.box，别人就可以使用这个Box了：

    $ vagrant box add my_box /path/to/the/package.box
        $ vagrant init my_box
        $ vagrant up

9.共享文件夹

config.vm.synced_folder "E:/Blog", "/home/vagrant/Blog"

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vagrantfile

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :

# All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
# configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
# backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
# you're doing.
Vagrant.configure(2) do |config|
# The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.
# For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at
# https://docs.vagrantup.com.

# Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for
# boxes at https://atlas.hashicorp.com/search.
config.vm.box = "base"

# Disable automatic box update checking. If you disable this, then
# boxes will only be checked for updates when the user runs
# `vagrant box outdated`. This is not recommended.
# config.vm.box_check_update = false
config.vm.synced_folder "E:/well/share", "/home/vagrant"
# Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
# within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,
# accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.
# config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080

# Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine
# using a specific IP.
# config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.0.10"

# Create a public network, which generally matched to bridged network.
# Bridged networks make the machine appear as another physical device on
# your network.
config.vm.network "public_network"

# Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is
# the path on the host to the actual folder. The second argument is
# the path on the guest to mount the folder. And the optional third
# argument is a set of non-required options.
# config.vm.synced_folder "../data", "/vagrant_data"

# Provider-specific configuration so you can fine-tune various
# backing providers for Vagrant. These expose provider-specific options.
# Example for VirtualBox:
#
# config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
# # Display the VirtualBox GUI when booting the machine
# vb.gui = true
#
# # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:
# vb.memory = "1024"
# end
#
# View the documentation for the provider you are using for more
# information on available options.

# Define a Vagrant Push strategy for pushing to Atlas. Other push strategies
# such as FTP and Heroku are also available. See the documentation at
# https://docs.vagrantup.com/v2/push/atlas.html for more information.
# config.push.define "atlas" do |push|
# push.app = "YOUR_ATLAS_USERNAME/YOUR_APPLICATION_NAME"
# end

# Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as
# Puppet, Chef, Ansible, Salt, and Docker are also available. Please see the
# documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.
# config.vm.provision "shell", inline <<-SHELL
# sudo apt-get install apache2
# SHELL
end