• Spring Boot中编写单元测试


    编写单元测试可以帮助开发人员编写高质量的代码,提升代码质量,减少Bug,便于重构。Spring Boot提供了一些实用程序和注解,用来帮助我们测试应用程序,在Spring Boot中开启单元测试只需引入spring-boot-starter-test即可,其包含了一些主流的测试库。本文主要介绍基于 Service和Controller的单元测试。

    引入spring-boot-starter-test

    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>

     

    运行Maven命令dependency:tree可看到其包含了以下依赖:

    [INFO] +- org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test:jar:1.5.9.RELEASE:test
    [INFO] | +- org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-test:jar:1.5.9.RELEASE:test
    [INFO] | +- org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-test-autoconfigure:jar:1.5.9.RELEASE:test
    [INFO] | +- com.jayway.jsonpath:json-path:jar:2.2.0:test
    [INFO] | | +- net.minidev:json-smart:jar:2.2.1:test
    [INFO] | | | - net.minidev:accessors-smart:jar:1.1:test
    [INFO] | | |     - org.ow2.asm:asm:jar:5.0.3:test
    [INFO] | | - org.slf4j:slf4j-api:jar:1.7.25:compile
    [INFO] | +- junit:junit:jar:4.12:test
    [INFO] | +- org.assertj:assertj-core:jar:2.6.0:test
    [INFO] | +- org.mockito:mockito-core:jar:1.10.19:test
    [INFO] | | - org.objenesis:objenesis:jar:2.1:test
    [INFO] | +- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:jar:1.3:test
    [INFO] | +- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:jar:1.3:test
    [INFO] | +- org.skyscreamer:jsonassert:jar:1.4.0:test
    [INFO] | | - com.vaadin.external.google:android-json:jar:0.0.20131108.vaadin1:test
    [INFO] | +- org.springframework:spring-core:jar:4.3.13.RELEASE:compile
    [INFO] | - org.springframework:spring-test:jar:4.3.13.RELEASE:test

     

    • JUnit,标准的单元测试Java应用程序;

    • Spring Test & Spring Boot Test,对Spring Boot应用程序的单元测试提供支持;

    • Mockito, Java mocking框架,用于模拟任何Spring管理的Bean,比如在单元测试中模拟一个第三方系统Service接口返回的数据,而不会去真正调用第三方系统;

    • AssertJ,一个流畅的assertion库,同时也提供了更多的期望值与测试返回值的比较方式;

    • Hamcrest,库的匹配对象(也称为约束或谓词);

    • JsonPath,提供类似XPath那样的符号来获取JSON数据片段;

    • JSONassert,对JSON对象或者JSON字符串断言的库。

    一个标准的Spring Boot测试单元应有如下的代码结构:

    import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
    import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
    import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;

    @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
    @SpringBootTest
    public class ApplicationTest {

    }

     

    知识准备

    JUnit4注解

    JUnit4中包含了几个比较重要的注解:@BeforeClass@AfterClass@Before@After@Test。其中, @BeforeClass@AfterClass在每个类加载的开始和结束时运行,必须为静态方法;而@Before@After则在每个测试方法开始之前和结束之后运行。见如下例子:

    @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
    @SpringBootTest
    public class TestApplicationTests {

      @BeforeClass
      public static void beforeClassTest() {
          System.out.println("before class test");
      }
       
      @Before
      public void beforeTest() {
          System.out.println("before test");
      }
       
      @Test
      public void Test1() {
          System.out.println("test 1+1=2");
          Assert.assertEquals(2, 1 + 1);
      }
       
      @Test
      public void Test2() {
          System.out.println("test 2+2=4");
          Assert.assertEquals(4, 2 + 2);
      }
       
      @After
      public void afterTest() {
          System.out.println("after test");
      }
       
      @AfterClass
      public static void afterClassTest() {
          System.out.println("after class test");
      }
    }

     

    运行输出如下:

    ...
    before class test
    before test
    test 1+1=2
    after test
    before test
    test 2+2=4
    after test
    after class test
    ...

     

    从上面的输出可以看出各个注解的运行时机。

    Assert

    上面代码中,我们使用了Assert类提供的assert口方法,下面列出了一些常用的assert方法:

    • assertEquals("message",A,B),判断A对象和B对象是否相等,这个判断在比较两个对象时调用了equals()方法。

    • assertSame("message",A,B),判断A对象与B对象是否相同,使用的是==操作符。

    • assertTrue("message",A),判断A条件是否为真。

    • assertFalse("message",A),判断A条件是否不为真。

    • assertNotNull("message",A),判断A对象是否不为null

    • assertArrayEquals("message",A,B),判断A数组与B数组是否相等。

    MockMvc

    下文中,对Controller的测试需要用到MockMvc技术。MockMvc,从字面上来看指的是模拟的MVC,即其可以模拟一个MVC环境,向Controller发送请求然后得到响应。

    在单元测试中,使用MockMvc前需要进行初始化,如下所示:

    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @Autowired
    private WebApplicationContext wac;

    @Before
    public void setupMockMvc(){
      mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build();
    }

     

    MockMvc模拟MVC请求

    模拟一个get请求:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/hello?name={name}","mrbird"));

     

    模拟一个post请求:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/user/{id}", 1));

     

    模拟文件上传:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.fileUpload("/fileupload").file("file", "文件内容".getBytes("utf-8")));

     

    模拟请求参数:

    // 模拟发送一个message参数,值为hello
    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/hello").param("message", "hello"));
    // 模拟提交一个checkbox值,name为hobby,值为sleep和eat
    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/saveHobby").param("hobby", "sleep", "eat"));

     

    也可以直接使用MultiValueMap构建参数:

    MultiValueMap<String, String> params = new LinkedMultiValueMap<String, String>();
    params.add("name", "mrbird");
    params.add("hobby", "sleep");
    params.add("hobby", "eat");
    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/hobby/save").params(params));

     

    模拟发送JSON参数:

    String jsonStr = "{"username":"Dopa","passwd":"ac3af72d9f95161a502fd326865c2f15","status":"1"}";
    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/user/save").content(jsonStr.getBytes()));

     

    实际测试中,要手动编写这么长的JSON格式字符串很繁琐也很容易出错,可以借助Spring Boot自带的Jackson技术来序列化一个Java对象(可参考Spring Boot中的JSON技术),如下所示:

    User user = new User();
    user.setUsername("Dopa");
    user.setPasswd("ac3af72d9f95161a502fd326865c2f15");
    user.setStatus("1");

    String userJson = mapper.writeValueAsString(user);
    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/user/save").content(userJson.getBytes()));

     

    其中,mapper为com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper对象。

    模拟Session和Cookie:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index").sessionAttr(name, value));
    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index").cookie(new Cookie(name, value)));

     

    设置请求的Content-Type:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8));

     

    设置返回格式为JSON:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{id}", 1).accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON));

     

    模拟HTTP请求头:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{id}", 1).header(name, values));

     

    MockMvc处理返回结果

    期望成功调用,即HTTP Status为200:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{id}", 1))
      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk());

     

    期望返回内容是application/json

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{id}", 1))
      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON));

     

    检查返回JSON数据中某个值的内容:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{id}", 1))
      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath("$.username").value("mrbird"));

     

    这里使用到了jsonPath$代表了JSON的根节点。更多关于jsonPath的介绍可参考 https://github.com/json-path/JsonPath

    判断Controller方法是否返回某视图:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/index"))
      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.view().name("index.html"));

     

    比较Model:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{id}", 1))
      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().size(1))
      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().attributeExists("password"))
      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().attribute("username", "mrbird"));

     

    比较forward或者redirect:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index"))
      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.forwardedUrl("index.html"));
    // 或者
    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index"))
      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.redirectedUrl("index.html"));

     

    比较返回内容,使用content()

    // 返回内容为hello
    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index"))
      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("hello"));

    // 返回内容是XML,并且与xmlCotent一样
    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index"))
      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().xml(xmlContent));

    // 返回内容是JSON ,并且与jsonContent一样
    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index"))
      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().json(jsonContent));

     

    输出响应结果:

    mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index"))
      .andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print());

     

    测试Service

    现有如下Service:

    @Repository("userService")
    public class UserServiceImpl extends BaseService<User> implements UserService {

      @Override
      public User findByName(String userName) {
          Example example = new Example(User.class);
          example.createCriteria().andCondition("username=", userName);
          List<User> userList = this.selectByExample(example);
          if (userList.size() != 0)
              return userList.get(0);
          else
              return null;
      }
    }

     

    编写一个该Service的单元测试,测试findByName方法是否有效:

    @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
    @SpringBootTest
    public class UserServiceTest {

      @Autowired
      UserService userService;

      @Test
      public void test() {
          User user = this.userService.findByName("scott");
          Assert.assertEquals("用户名为scott", "scott", user.getUsername());
      }
    }

     

    运行后,JUnit没有报错说明测试通过,即UserServicefindByName方法可行。

    此外,和在Controller中引用Service相比,在测试单元中对Service测试完毕后,数据能自动回滚,只需要在测试方法上加上@Transactional注解,比如:

    @Test
    @Transactional
    public void test() {
      User user = new User();
      user.setId(this.userService.getSequence("seq_user"));
      user.setUsername("JUnit");
      user.setPasswd("123456");
      user.setStatus("1");
      user.setCreateTime(new Date());
      this.userService.save(user);
    }

     

    运行,测试通过,查看数据库发现数据并没有被插入,这样很好的避免了不必要的数据污染。

    测试Controller

    现有如下Controller:

    @RestController
    public class UserController {
      @Autowired
      UserService userService;

      @GetMapping("user/{userName}")
      public User getUserByName(@PathVariable(value = "userName") String userName) {
          return this.userService.findByName(userName);
      }

      @PostMapping("user/save")
      public void saveUser(@RequestBody User user) {
          this.userService.saveUser(user);
      }
    }

     

    现在编写一个针对于该ControllergetUserByName(@PathVariable(value = "userName") String userName)方法的测试类:

    @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
    @SpringBootTest
    public class UserControllerTest {

      private MockMvc mockMvc;
       
      @Autowired
      private WebApplicationContext wac;
       
      @Before
      public void setupMockMvc(){
          mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build();
      }
       
      @Test
      public void test() throws Exception {
          mockMvc.perform(
              MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{userName}", "scott")
              .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8))
          .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
          .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath("$.username").value("scott"))
          .andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print());
      }
    }

     

    运行后,JUnit通过,控制台输出过程如下所示:

    MockHttpServletRequest:
        HTTP Method = GET
        Request URI = /user/scott
          Parameters = {}
            Headers = {Content-Type=[application/json;charset=UTF-8]}

    Handler:
                Type = demo.springboot.test.controller.UserController
              Method = public demo.springboot.test.domain.User demo.springboot.test.controller.UserController.getUserByName(java.lang.String)

    Async:
      Async started = false
        Async result = null

    Resolved Exception:
                Type = null

    ModelAndView:
          View name = null
                View = null
              Model = null

    FlashMap:
          Attributes = null

    MockHttpServletResponse:
              Status = 200
      Error message = null
            Headers = {Content-Type=[application/json;charset=UTF-8]}
        Content type = application/json;charset=UTF-8
                Body = {"id":23,"username":"scott","passwd":"ac3af72d9f95161a502fd326865c2f15","createTime":1514535399000,"status":"1"}
      Forwarded URL = null
      Redirected URL = null
            Cookies = []

     

    继续编写一个针对于该ControllersaveUser(@RequestBody User user)方法的测试类:

    @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
    @SpringBootTest
    public class UserControllerTest {

      private MockMvc mockMvc;
       
      @Autowired
      private WebApplicationContext wac;
       
      @Autowired
      ObjectMapper mapper;
       
       
      @Before
      public void setupMockMvc(){
          mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build();
      }

      @Test
      @Transactional
      public void test() throws Exception {
          User user = new User();
          user.setUsername("Dopa");
          user.setPasswd("ac3af72d9f95161a502fd326865c2f15");
          user.setStatus("1");
           
          String userJson = mapper.writeValueAsString(user);
          mockMvc.perform(
              MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/user/save")
              .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8)
              .content(userJson.getBytes()))
          .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
          .andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print());
      }
    }

     

    运行过程如下所示:

    MockHttpServletRequest:
        HTTP Method = POST
        Request URI = /user/save
          Parameters = {}
            Headers = {Content-Type=[application/json;charset=UTF-8]}

    Handler:
                Type = demo.springboot.test.controller.UserController
              Method = public void demo.springboot.test.controller.UserController.saveUser(demo.springboot.test.domain.User)

    Async:
      Async started = false
        Async result = null

    Resolved Exception:
                Type = null

    ModelAndView:
          View name = null
                View = null
              Model = null

    FlashMap:
          Attributes = null

    MockHttpServletResponse:
              Status = 200
      Error message = null
            Headers = {}
        Content type = null
                Body =
      Forwarded URL = null
      Redirected URL = null
            Cookies = []

     

    值得注意的是,在一个完整的系统中编写测试单元时,可能需要模拟一个登录用户信息Session,MockMvc也提供了解决方案,可在初始化的时候模拟一个HttpSession:

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/7788IT/p/11626826.html
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