9.2 Templates and inline
9.2 模板和内联
Declaring functions to be inline is a common tool to improve the running time of programs. The inline specifier was meant to be a hint for the implementation that inline substitution of the function body at the point of call is preferred over the usual function call mechanism.
将函数声明为inline是提高程序性能的一种常见手段。inline修饰符是给编译器一个提示，即要优先在函数调用处用函数体作内联替换，而不是使用常规的函数调用机制。
However, an implementation may ignore the hint. Hence, the only guaranteed effect of inline is to allow a function definition to appear multiple times in a program (usually because it appears in a header file that is included in multiple places).
但是编译器可能会忽略这一提示。因此inline唯一可以保证的效果就是允许函数定义在程序中多次出现（通常是因为它定义于头文件，但被多个地方include）
Like inline functions, function templates can be defined in multiple translation units. This is usually achieved by placing the definition in a header file that is included by multiple CPP files.
与内联函数一样，可以在多个翻译单元中定义函数模板。这通常是这样来实现的：将函数模板定义在头文件，而该头文件又被多个cpp文件所包含。
This doesn’t mean, however, that function templates use inline substitutions by default. It is entirely up to the compiler whether and when inline substitution of a function template body at the point of call is preferred over the usual function call mechanism. Perhaps surprisingly, compilers are often better than programmers at estimating whether inlining a call would lead to a net performance improvement. As a result, the precise policy of a compiler with respect to inline varies from compiler to compiler, and even depends on the options selected for a specific compilation.
但这并不意味着函数模板在默认情况下就会被内联替换。在模板调用处是否首选用函数体inline替换而不使用普通函数调用，这件事完全是由编译器决定。令人惊讶的是，编译器在评估内联调用是否会导致程序净性能提高方面，编通常比程序员做得更好。因此，不同编译器之间对内联处理的精确策略是因编译器而异，甚至这依赖于特定的编译选项。
Nevertheless, with appropriate performance monitoring tools, a programmer may have better information than a compiler and may therefore wish to override compiler decisions (e.g., when tuning software for particular platforms, such as mobiles phones, or particular inputs). Sometimes this is only possible with compiler-specific attributes such as noinline or always_inline.
不过，通过合适的性能监测工具，程序员可能会比编译器更知道是否进行inline替换。同时希望由自己而不是让编译器来决定（例如，当针对移动平台或特定输入平台进行调优软件时），有时这只能使用特定于编译器的属性（如noinline或always_inline）才能做到。
It’s worth pointing out at this point that full specializations of function templates act like ordinary functions in this regard: Their definition can appear only once unless they’re defined inline (see Section 16.3 on page 338). See also Appendix A for a broader, detailed overview of this topic.
值得指出的是，在这一方面函数模板的完全特化和普通函数是一样的：除非被定义为inline，否则它只能被定义一次。关于这个主题更全面、更详细的阐述请参阅附录E。