Java8的CompletableFuture 使用详解

1、 runAsync 和 supplyAsync方法

CompletableFuture 提供了四个静态方法来创建一个异步操作。

public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable)
public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor)
public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier)
public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)

没有指定Executor的方法会使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool() 作为它的线程池执行异步代码。如果指定线程池，则使用指定的线程池运行。以下所有的方法都类同。

注意：

1、runAsync方法不支持返回值。

2、supplyAsync可以支持返回值。

示例如下：

//无返回值
public static void runAsync() throws Exception {
    CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
        try {
            TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        }
        System.out.println("run end ...");
    });
    
    future.get();
}

//有返回值
public static void supplyAsync() throws Exception {         
    CompletableFuture<Long> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
        try {
            TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        }
        System.out.println("run end ...");
        return System.currentTimeMillis();
    });

    long time = future.get();
    System.out.println("time = "+time);
}

2、计算结果完成时的回调方法

当CompletableFuture的计算结果完成，或者抛出异常的时候，可以执行特定的Action。主要是下面的方法：

public CompletableFuture<T> whenComplete(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action, Executor executor)
public CompletableFuture<T> exceptionally(Function<Throwable,? extends T> fn)

可以看到Action的类型是BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable>它可以处理正常的计算结果，或者异常情况。

whenComplete 和 whenCompleteAsync 的区别：
whenComplete：是执行当前任务的线程执行继续执行 whenComplete 的任务。
whenCompleteAsync：是执行把 whenCompleteAsync 这个任务继续提交给线程池来进行执行。

示例如下：

public static void whenComplete() throws Exception {
    CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
        try {
            TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        }
        if(new Random().nextInt()%2>=0) {
            int i = 12/0;
        }
        System.out.println("run end ...");
    });
    
    future.whenComplete(new BiConsumer<Void, Throwable>() {
        @Override
        public void accept(Void t, Throwable action) {
            System.out.println("执行完成！");
        }
        
    });
    future.exceptionally(new Function<Throwable, Void>() {
        @Override
        public Void apply(Throwable t) {
            System.out.println("执行失败！"+t.getMessage());
            return null;
        }
    });
    
    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
}

3、 thenApply 方法

当一个线程依赖另一个线程时，可以使用 thenApply 方法来把这两个线程串行化。

public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn, Executor executor)

Function<? super T,? extends U>
T：上一个任务返回结果的类型
U：当前任务的返回值类型

示例如下：

private static void thenApply() throws Exception {
    CompletableFuture<Long> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Long>() {
        @Override
        public Long get() {
            long result = new Random().nextInt(100);
            System.out.println("result1="+result);
            return result;
        }
    }).thenApply(new Function<Long, Long>() {
        @Override
        public Long apply(Long t) {
            long result = t*5;
            System.out.println("result2="+result);
            return result;
        }
    });
    
    long result = future.get();
    System.out.println(result);
}

 第二个任务依赖第一个任务的结果。

4、 handle 方法

handle 是执行任务完成时对结果的处理。
handle 方法和 thenApply 方法处理方式基本一样。不同的是 handle 是在任务完成后再执行，还可以处理异常的任务。thenApply 只可以执行正常的任务，任务出现异常则不执行 thenApply 方法。

public <U> CompletionStage<U> handle(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn,Executor executor);

 示例如下：

public static void handle() throws Exception{
    CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {

        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            int i= 10/0;
            return new Random().nextInt(10);
        }
    }).handle(new BiFunction<Integer, Throwable, Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer apply(Integer param, Throwable throwable) {
            int result = -1;
            if(throwable==null){
                result = param * 2;
            }else{
                System.out.println(throwable.getMessage());
            }
            return result;
        }
     });
    System.out.println(future.get());
}

从示例中可以看出，在 handle 中可以根据任务是否有异常来进行做相应的后续处理操作。而 thenApply 方法，如果上个任务出现错误，则不会执行 thenApply 方法。

5、 thenAccept 消费处理结果

接收任务的处理结果，并消费处理，无返回结果。

public CompletionStage<Void> thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action);
public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action);
public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);

 示例如下：

public static void thenAccept() throws Exception{
    CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            return new Random().nextInt(10);
        }
    }).thenAccept(integer -> {
        System.out.println(integer);
    });
    future.get();
}

从示例代码中可以看出，该方法只是消费执行完成的任务，并可以根据上面的任务返回的结果进行处理。并没有后续的输出操作。

6、thenRun 方法

跟 thenAccept 方法不一样的是，不关心任务的处理结果。只要上面的任务执行完成，就开始执行 thenAccept 。

public CompletionStage<Void> thenRun(Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action,Executor executor);

 示例如下：

public static void thenRun() throws Exception{
    CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            return new Random().nextInt(10);
        }
    }).thenRun(() -> {
        System.out.println("thenRun ...");
    });
    future.get();
}

该方法同 thenAccept 方法类似。不同的是上个任务处理完成后，并不会把计算的结果传给 thenRun 方法。只是处理玩任务后，执行 thenAccept 的后续操作。

7、thenCombine 合并任务

thenCombine 会把 两个 CompletionStage 的任务都执行完成后，把两个任务的结果一块交给 thenCombine 来处理。

public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);
public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);
public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn,Executor executor);

 示例如下：

private static void thenCombine() throws Exception {
    CompletableFuture<String> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<String>() {
        @Override
        public String get() {
            return "hello";
        }
    });
    CompletableFuture<String> future2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<String>() {
        @Override
        public String get() {
            return "hello";
        }
    });
    CompletableFuture<String> result = future1.thenCombine(future2, new BiFunction<String, String, String>() {
        @Override
        public String apply(String t, String u) {
            return t+" "+u;
        }
    });
    System.out.println(result.get());
}

8、thenAcceptBoth

当两个CompletionStage都执行完成后，把结果一块交给thenAcceptBoth来进行消耗

public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBoth(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);
public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);
public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action, Executor executor);

 示例如下：

private static void thenAcceptBoth() throws Exception {
    CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("f1="+t);
            return t;
        }
    });
        
    CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("f2="+t);
            return t;
        }
    });
    f1.thenAcceptBoth(f2, new BiConsumer<Integer, Integer>() {
        @Override
        public void accept(Integer t, Integer u) {
            System.out.println("f1="+t+";f2="+u+";");
        }
    });
}

9、applyToEither 方法

两个CompletionStage，谁执行返回的结果快，我就用那个CompletionStage的结果进行下一步的转化操作。

public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn,Executor executor);

 示例如下：

private static void applyToEither() throws Exception {
    CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("f1="+t);
            return t;
        }
    });
    CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("f2="+t);
            return t;
        }
    });
    
    CompletableFuture<Integer> result = f1.applyToEither(f2, new Function<Integer, Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer apply(Integer t) {
            System.out.println(t);
            return t * 2;
        }
    });

    System.out.println(result.get());
}

10、acceptEither 方法

两个CompletionStage，谁执行返回的结果快，我就用那个CompletionStage的结果进行下一步的消耗操作。

public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);
public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);
public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);

　实例如下：

private static void acceptEither() throws Exception {
    CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("f1="+t);
            return t;
        }
    });
        
    CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("f2="+t);
            return t;
        }
    });
    f1.acceptEither(f2, new Consumer<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public void accept(Integer t) {
            System.out.println(t);
        }
    });
}

11、runAfterEither 方法

两个CompletionStage，任何一个完成了都会执行下一步的操作（Runnable）

public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEither(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);

 示例如下：

private static void runAfterEither() throws Exception {
    CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("f1="+t);
            return t;
        }
    });
        
    CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("f2="+t);
            return t;
        }
    });
    f1.runAfterEither(f2, new Runnable() {
        
        @Override
        public void run() {
            System.out.println("上面有一个已经完成了。");
        }
    });
}

12、runAfterBoth

两个CompletionStage，都完成了计算才会执行下一步的操作（Runnable）

public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBoth(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);

 示例如下：

private static void runAfterBoth() throws Exception {
    CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("f1="+t);
            return t;
        }
    });
        
    CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer get() {
            int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("f2="+t);
            return t;
        }
    });
    f1.runAfterBoth(f2, new Runnable() {
        
        @Override
        public void run() {
            System.out.println("上面两个任务都执行完成了。");
        }
    });
}　

13、thenCompose 方法

thenCompose 方法允许你对两个 CompletionStage 进行流水线操作，第一个操作完成时，将其结果作为参数传递给第二个操作。

public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenCompose(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn);
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn) ;
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn, Executor executor) ;

 示例如下：

private static void thenCompose() throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> f = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
                System.out.println("t1="+t);
                return t;
            }
        }).thenCompose(new Function<Integer, CompletionStage<Integer>>() {
            @Override
            public CompletionStage<Integer> apply(Integer param) {
                return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
                    @Override
                    public Integer get() {
                        int t = param *2;
                        System.out.println("t2="+t);
                        return t;
                    }
                });
            }
            
        });
        System.out.println("thenCompose result : "+f.get());
    }