GET + 字典传参:
代码:
import urllib.request import urllib.parse import string def get_params(): url = "http://www.baidu.com/s?wd=" params = { "wd": "中文", "key": "zhang", "value": "san", } str_params = urllib.parse.urlencode(params) print(str_params) final_url = url + str_params #讲带有中文的url转义成计算机可以识别的URL end_url = urllib.parse.quote(final_url, safe=string.printable) response = urllib.request.urlopen(end_url) data = response.read().decode("utf-8") print(data) get_params()
返回结果:
GET传参:
(1)汉字报错:
解释器ascii没有汉字,url汉字转码
urllib.parse.quote(params, safe=string.printable)
(2)字典传参:
urllib.parse.urlencode()
注:
POST请求:
urllib.request.urlopen(url, data="服务器接收的数据")
hander:
User-Agent:
(1)模拟真实的浏览器发送请求:百度批量搜索,检察元素
(2)request.add_header()动态添加head数据
(3)响应头:response.header
(4)创建request:urllib.request.Request(url)
Test(响应头):
代码:
import urllib.request
def load_baidu():
url = "http://www.baidu.com/"
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
print(response)
#响应头
print(response.headers)
load_baidu()
返回:
E:pythonpython.exe H:/code/Python爬虫/Day02/02-request_header.py
<http.client.HTTPResponse object at 0x000001F64CC88CA0>
Bdpagetype: 1
Bdqid: 0x9829fa7c000a56cf
Cache-Control: private
Content-Type: text/html;charset=utf-8
Date: Tue, 26 Jan 2021 06:35:11 GMT
Expires: Tue, 26 Jan 2021 06:34:11 GMT
P3p: CP=" OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM "
P3p: CP=" OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM "
Server: BWS/1.1
Set-Cookie: BAIDUID=A276C955F91E3B32F4D56ADC1EE37C59:FG=1; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
Set-Cookie: BIDUPSID=A276C955F91E3B32F4D56ADC1EE37C59; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
Set-Cookie: PSTM=1611642911; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
Set-Cookie: BAIDUID=A276C955F91E3B3283913B84A5B12CFA:FG=1; max-age=31536000; expires=Wed, 26-Jan-22 06:35:11 GMT; domain=.baidu.com; path=/; version=1; comment=bd
Set-Cookie: BDSVRTM=0; path=/
Set-Cookie: BD_HOME=1; path=/
Set-Cookie: H_PS_PSSID=33425_33507_33437_33257_33273_31253_33395_33398_33321_33265; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
Traceid: 1611642911060665933810964570178293749455
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Ua-Compatible: IE=Edge,chrome=1
Connection: close
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Process finished with exit code 0
Test(获取请求头信息):
import urllib.request def load_baidu(): url = "http://www.baidu.com/" #创建请求对象 request = urllib.request.Request(url) #请求网络数据 response = urllib.request.urlopen(request) #print(response) data = response.read().decode("utf-8") #响应头 #print(response.headers) #获取请求头的信息 request_header = request.headers print(request_header) with open("02header.html", "w")as f: f.write(data) load_baidu()
Test(添加请求头信息):
代码1:
法一:自行获取
返回1:
E:pythonpython.exe H:/code/Python爬虫/Day02/03-request_header_two.py
{'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.104 Safari/537.36', '3ch0 - nu1l': 's1mpL3'}
Process finished with exit code 0
代码2:
import urllib.request
def load_baidu():
url = "http://www.baidu.com/"
header = {
#浏览器版本
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.104 Safari/537.36",
"3cH0 - Nu1L": "s1mpL3",
}
#创建请求对象
request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=header)
#请求网络数据(不在此处增加请求头信息,因为此方法系统没有提供参数)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
data = response.read().decode("utf-8")
#获取请求头的信息(所有头的信息)
#request_headers = request.headers
#print(request_headers)
#第二种方式打印headers信息
request_headers = request.get_header("User-agent")
print(request_headers)
with open("02header.html", "w")as f:
f.write(data)
load_baidu()
返回2:
E:pythonpython.exe H:/code/Python爬虫/Day02/03-request_header_two.py
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.104 Safari/537.36
Process finished with exit code 0
注1:
对比两次返回值:
使用内置函数时,不返回字典中的"3cH0 - Nu1L": "s1mpL3",
自行获取时则都返回
注2:
中首字母要大写(其余均小写),若改为小写,则返回值为None
代码:
import urllib.request
def load_baidu():
url = "http://www.baidu.com/"
header = {
#浏览器版本
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.104 Safari/537.36",
"3cH0 - Nu1L": "s1mpL3",
}
#创建请求对象
request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=header)
#请求网络数据(不在此处增加请求头信息,因为此方法系统没有提供参数)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
data = response.read().decode("utf-8")
#获取请求头的信息(所有头的信息)
#request_headers = request.headers
#print(request_headers)
#第二种方式打印headers信息
request_headers = request.get_header("user-agent")
print(request_headers)
with open("02header.html", "w")as f:
f.write(data)
load_baidu()
返回:
E:pythonpython.exe H:/code/Python爬虫/Day02/03-request_header_two.py
None
Process finished with exit code 0
Test(动态添加Header信息):
代码:
import urllib.request
def load_baidu():
url = "http://www.baidu.com/"
header = {
# 浏览器版本
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.104 Safari/537.36",
"3cH0 - Nu1L": "s1mpL3",
}
#创建请求对象
request = urllib.request.Request(url)
#动态添加hander信息
request.add_header("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.104 Safari/537.36")
#请求网络数据
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
#print(response)
data = response.read().decode("utf-8")
#响应头
#print(response.headers)
#获取请求头的信息
request_header = request.headers
print(request_header)
with open("02header.html", "w")as f:
f.write(data)
load_baidu()
返回:
E:pythonpython.exe H:/code/Python爬虫/Day02/03-request_header_two.py
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.104 Safari/537.36
Process finished with exit code 0
Test(获取完整的url):
代码:
import urllib.request
def load_baidu():
url = "http://www.baidu.com/"
header = {
# 浏览器版本
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.104 Safari/537.36",
"3cH0 - Nu1L": "s1mpL3",
}
#创建请求对象
request = urllib.request.Request(url)
#动态添加hander信息
request.add_header("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.104 Safari/537.36")
#请求网络数据
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
#print(response)
data = response.read().decode("utf-8")
#获取完整的url
final_url = request.get_full_url()
print(final_url)
load_baidu()
返回:
Test(随机user-agent):
需要多份user-agent(网上搜索user-agent大全即可)
代码:
import urllib.request
import random
def load_baidu():
url = "http://www.baidu.com"
user_agent_list = [
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/14.0.835.163 Safari/535.1",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:6.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/6.0",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50",
"Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.1; U; zh-cn) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.50",
]
#每次请求的浏览器都是不一样的
random_user_agent = random.choice(user_agent_list)
request = urllib.request.Request(url)
#增加对应的响应头(user-agent)
request.add_header("User-Agent", random_user_agent)
#请求数据
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
#获取请求头的信息
print(request.get_header("User-agent"))
load_baidu()
返回:
具有随机性
IP代理:
(1)免费IP:时效性差,错误率高
(2)付费IP:也存在失效的
IP分类:
透明IP:
对方知道我们的真实IP
匿名IP:
对方不知道我们的真实IP,知道我们使用了代理
高匿IP:
既不知道真实IP,也不知道使用了代理
handler:
系统的urlopen()不支持代理的添加
创建对应的处理器(handler)
- 代理处理器:ProxyHandler
- 用ProxyHandler创建openner:build_openner()
- openner.open(url)就可以请求数据
Test(HTTPHandler):
代码:
import urllib.request
def handler_openner():
#系统的urlopen没有添加代理的功能,需要我们自定义该功能
#安全 套接层 ssl第三方的CA数字证书
#http:80
#https:443
#urlopen为什么可以请求数据:
#①handler处理器,
#②自己的openner请求数据
url = "https://www.cnblogs.com/3cH0-Nu1L/"
#创建自己的处理器
handler = urllib.request.HTTPHandler
#创建自己的oppener
openner = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
#用自己创建的openner调用open方法请求数据
response = openner.open(url)
data = response.read()
print(response)
print(data)
handler_openner()
返回:
注:
HTTPHandler()不可以增加代理
Test(使用代理IP_免费IP):
代码:
import urllib.request
def create_proxy_handler():
url = "https://www.cnblogs.com/3cH0-Nu1L/"
#添加代理
proxy = {
#免费的写法
"http": "104.131.109.66:8080"
}
#代理处理器
proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler(proxy)
#创建自己的openner
openner = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler)
#拿着代理IP发送请求
data = openner.open(url).read()
print(data)
create_proxy_handler()
返回:
Test(随机创建):
代码:
import urllib.request
def proxy_user():
proxy_list = [
{"http": "104.131.109.66:8080"},
{"http": "88.198.24.108:8080"},
{"http": "96.113.165.182:3128"},
{"http": "117.185.17.151:80"},
{"http": "112.30.164.18:80"},
]
for proxy in proxy_list:
print(proxy)
#利用遍历出来的IP创建处理器
proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler(proxy)
#创建openner
openner = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler)
try:
openner.open("http://www.baidu.com", timeout=1)
print("s1mpL3")
except Exception as e:
print(e)
proxy_user()
返回:
E:pythonpython.exe H:/code/Python爬虫/Day02/07-random-user-proxy.py
{'http': '104.131.109.66:8080'}
s1mpL3
{'http': '88.198.24.108:8080'}
<urlopen error timed out>
{'http': '96.113.165.182:3128'}
s1mpL3
{'http': '117.185.17.151:80'}
s1mpL3
{'http': '112.30.164.18:80'}
<urlopen error timed out>
Process finished with exit code 0
Test(使用代理IP_付费IP):
代码:
import urllib.request
import requests
#付费代理发送
#1.用户名密码(带着)
#通过验证的处理起来发送
def money_proxy_user():
#1.代理IP
money_proxy = {
"http": "username:passwd@192.168.12.1:8080"
}
#2.代理的处理器
proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler(money_proxy)
#3.通过处理器创建openner
openner = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler)
#4.open发送请求
openner.open("http://www.baidu.com/")
money_proxy_user()
import urllib.request
import requests
#付费代理发送
#1.用户名密码(带着)
#通过验证的处理起来发送
def money_proxy_user():
# 第二种方式发送付费的IP地址
user_name = "abcname"
passwd = "123456"
proxy_money = "123.158.62.120:8080"
# 2.创建密码管理器,添加用户名和密码
password_manager = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()
#uri定位 uri > url
#url:资源定位符
password_manager.add_password(None, proxy_money, user_name, passwd)
# 3.创建可以验证代理IP的处理器
handler_auth_proxy = urllib.request.ProxyBasicAuthHandler(password_manager)
# 4.根据处理器创建openner
openner_auth = urllib.request.build_opener(handler_auth_proxy)
# 5.发送请求
response = openner_auth.open("http:www.baidu.com")
print(response.read())
money_proxy_user()
Auth认证:
爬取自己网站的数据进行分析,类似使用付费代理IP的过程。
Test:
代码:
import urllib.request
def auth_neiwang():
# 1.用户名密码
user = "admin"
password ="admin123"
nei_url = "http://192.168.179.66"
# 2.创建密码管理器
pwd_manager = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()
pwd_manager.add_password(None, nei_url, user, password)
# 3.创建认证处理器(requests)
auth_handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(pwd_manager)
openner = urllib.request.build_opener(auth_handler)
response = openner.open(nei_url)
print(response)
auth_neiwang()