• java-day23


    事务的四大特征:

      1.原子性:是不可分割的最小操作单位,要么同时成功,要么同时失败。

      2.持久性:当事务提交或回滚后,数据库会持久化的保存数据。

      3.隔离性:多个事务之间,相互独立。

      4.一致性:事务操作前后,数据总量不变。

    事务的隔离级别

      概念:多个事务之间隔离的,相互独立的。但是如果多个事务操作同一批数据,则会引发一些问题,设置不同的隔离级别就可以解决这些问题。

      存在问题

        1.脏读:一个事务,读取到另一个事务中没有提交的数据。

        2.不可重复读(虚读):在同一个事务中,两次读取到的数据不一样。

        3.幻读:一个事务操作(DML)数据表中所有记录,另一个事务添加了一条数据,则第一个事务查询不到自己的修改。

      隔离级别

        1.read uncommitted:读未保存

          产生问题:脏读、不可重复读、幻读

        2.read committed:读已保存  (Oracle)

          产生问题:不可重复读、幻读

        3.repeatable read:可重复读  (MySQL默认)

          产生问题:幻读

        4.serializable:串行化

          可以解决所有问题

        注意:隔离级别从小到大安全性越来越高,但效率越来越低。

        数据库查询隔离级别:

          select @@tx_isolation;

        数据库设置隔离级别:

          set global transaction isolation level 级别字符串;

              * 演示:
                set global transaction isolation level read uncommitted;
                start transaction;
                -- 转账操作
                update account set balance = balance - 500 where id = 1;
                update account set balance = balance + 500 where id = 2;

    DCL:管理用户、授权

      DBA:数据库管理员

      1.管理用户

        1.添加用户

          语法:CREATE USER '用户名'@'主机名' IDENTIFIED BY '密码';

        2.删除用户

          语法:DROP USER '用户名'@'主机名';

        3.修改用户密码:

          UPDATE USER SET PASSWORD = PASSWORD('新密码') WHERE USER = '用户名';

          UPDATE USER SET PASSWORD = PASSWORD('abc') WHERE USER = 'lisi';

          SET PASSWORD FOR '用户名'@'主机名' = PASSWORD('新密码');

          SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('123');

           * mysql中忘记了root用户的密码?
                          1. cmd -- > net stop mysql 停止mysql服务
                              * 需要管理员运行该cmd
                           2. 使用无验证方式启动mysql服务: mysqld --skip-grant-tables
                           3. 打开新的cmd窗口,直接输入mysql命令,敲回车。就可以登录成功
                           4. use mysql;
                           5. update user set password = password('你的新密码') where user = 'root';
                           6. 关闭两个窗口
                           7. 打开任务管理器,手动结束mysqld.exe 的进程
                           8. 启动mysql服务
                           9. 使用新密码登录。

          4.查询用户:

            1.切换到mysql数据库

          USE mysql;

            2.查询user表

          SELETE * FROM USER;

          通配符: % 表示可以在任意主机使用用户登录数据库

        2.权限管理:

          1.查询权限:

            SHOW GRANTS FOR '用户名'@'用户名';

            SHOW GRANTS FOR 'lisi'@'%';

          2.授予权限:

            grant 权限列表 on 数据库名.表名 to '用户名'@’主机名‘;

             -- 给张三用户授予所有权限,在任意数据库任意表上
                    
                       GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'zhangsan'@'localhost';

          3.撤销权限

            revoke 权限列表 on 数据库名.表名 from '用户名'@'主机名';

            REVOKE UPDATE ON db3.`account` FROM 'lisi'@'%';

    ## JDBC:
        1. 概念:Java DataBase Connectivity  Java 数据库连接, Java语言操作数据库
            * JDBC本质:其实是官方(sun公司)定义的一套操作所有关系型数据库的规则,即接口。各个数据库厂商去实现这套接口,提供数据库驱动jar包。我们可以使用这套接口(JDBC)编程,真正执行的代码是驱动jar包中的实现类。

        2. 快速入门:
            * 步骤:
                1. 导入驱动jar包 mysql-connector-java-5.1.37-bin.jar
                    1.复制mysql-connector-java-5.1.37-bin.jar到项目的libs目录下
                    2.右键-->Add As Library
                2. 注册驱动
                3. 获取数据库连接对象 Connection
                4. 定义sql
                5. 获取执行sql语句的对象 Statement
                6. 执行sql,接受返回结果
                7. 处理结果
                8. 释放资源

            * 代码实现:
                  //1. 导入驱动jar包
                //2.注册驱动
                Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
                //3.获取数据库连接对象
                Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db3", "root", "root");
                //4.定义sql语句
                String sql = "update account set balance = 500 where id = 1";
                //5.获取执行sql的对象 Statement
                Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
                //6.执行sql
                int count = stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
                //7.处理结果
                System.out.println(count);
                //8.释放资源
                stmt.close();
                conn.close();
        
        3. 详解各个对象:
            1. DriverManager:驱动管理对象
                * 功能:
                    1. 注册驱动:告诉程序该使用哪一个数据库驱动jar
                        static void registerDriver(Driver driver) :注册与给定的驱动程序 DriverManager 。 
                        写代码使用:  Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
                        通过查看源码发现:在com.mysql.jdbc.Driver类中存在静态代码块
                         static {
                                try {
                                    java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());
                                } catch (SQLException E) {
                                    throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
                                }
                            }

                        注意:mysql5之后的驱动jar包可以省略注册驱动的步骤。
                    2. 获取数据库连接:
                        * 方法:static Connection getConnection(String url, String user, String password) 
                        * 参数:
                            * url:指定连接的路径
                                * 语法:jdbc:mysql://ip地址(域名):端口号/数据库名称
                                * 例子:jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db3
                                * 细节:如果连接的是本机mysql服务器,并且mysql服务默认端口是3306,则url可以简写为:jdbc:mysql:///数据库名称
                            * user:用户名
                            * password:密码 
            2. Connection:数据库连接对象
                1. 功能:
                    1. 获取执行sql 的对象
                        * Statement createStatement()
                        * PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql)  
                    2. 管理事务:
                        * 开启事务:setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit) :调用该方法设置参数为false,即开启事务
                        * 提交事务:commit() 
                        * 回滚事务:rollback() 
            3. Statement:执行sql的对象
                1. 执行sql
                    1. boolean execute(String sql) :可以执行任意的sql 了解 
                    2. int executeUpdate(String sql) :执行DML(insert、update、delete)语句、DDL(create,alter、drop)语句
                        * 返回值:影响的行数,可以通过这个影响的行数判断DML语句是否执行成功 返回值>0的则执行成功,反之,则失败。
                    3. ResultSet executeQuery(String sql)  :执行DQL(select)语句
                2. 练习:
                    1. account表 添加一条记录
                    2. account表 修改记录
                    3. account表 删除一条记录

                    代码:
                        Statement stmt = null;
                        Connection conn = null;
                        try {
                            //1. 注册驱动
                            Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
                            //2. 定义sql
                            String sql = "insert into account values(null,'王五',3000)";
                            //3.获取Connection对象
                            conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db3", "root", "root");
                            //4.获取执行sql的对象 Statement
                            stmt = conn.createStatement();
                            //5.执行sql
                            int count = stmt.executeUpdate(sql);//影响的行数
                            //6.处理结果
                            System.out.println(count);
                            if(count > 0){
                                System.out.println("添加成功!");
                            }else{
                                System.out.println("添加失败!");
                            }
                
                        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                            e.printStackTrace();
                        } catch (SQLException e) {
                            e.printStackTrace();
                        }finally {
                            //stmt.close();
                            //7. 释放资源
                            //避免空指针异常
                            if(stmt != null){
                                try {
                                    stmt.close();
                                } catch (SQLException e) {
                                    e.printStackTrace();
                                }
                            }
                
                            if(conn != null){
                                try {
                                    conn.close();
                                } catch (SQLException e) {
                                    e.printStackTrace();
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    
            4. ResultSet:结果集对象,封装查询结果
                * boolean next(): 游标向下移动一行,判断当前行是否是最后一行末尾(是否有数据),如果是,则返回false,如果不是则返回true
                * getXxx(参数):获取数据
                    * Xxx:代表数据类型   如: int getInt() ,    String getString()
                    * 参数:
                        1. int:代表列的编号,从1开始   如: getString(1)
                        2. String:代表列名称。 如: getDouble("balance")
                
                * 注意:
                    * 使用步骤:
                        1. 游标向下移动一行
                        2. 判断是否有数据
                        3. 获取数据

                       //循环判断游标是否是最后一行末尾。
                        while(rs.next()){
                            //获取数据
                            //6.2 获取数据
                            int id = rs.getInt(1);
                            String name = rs.getString("name");
                            double balance = rs.getDouble(3);
            
                            System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);
                        }

                * 练习:
                    * 定义一个方法,查询emp表的数据将其封装为对象,然后装载集合,返回。
                        1. 定义Emp类
                        2. 定义方法 public List<Emp> findAll(){}
                        3. 实现方法 select * from emp;

     

     

     

     

                   

            5. PreparedStatement:执行sql的对象
                1. SQL注入问题:在拼接sql时,有一些sql的特殊关键字参与字符串的拼接。会造成安全性问题
                    1. 输入用户随便,输入密码:a' or 'a' = 'a
                    2. sql:select * from user where username = 'fhdsjkf' and password = 'a' or 'a' = 'a' 

                2. 解决sql注入问题:使用PreparedStatement对象来解决
                3. 预编译的SQL:参数使用?作为占位符
                4. 步骤:
                    1. 导入驱动jar包 mysql-connector-java-5.1.37-bin.jar
                    2. 注册驱动
                    3. 获取数据库连接对象 Connection
                    4. 定义sql
                        * 注意:sql的参数使用?作为占位符。 如:select * from user where username = ? and password = ?;
                    5. 获取执行sql语句的对象 PreparedStatement  Connection.prepareStatement(String sql) 
                    6. 给?赋值:
                        * 方法: setXxx(参数1,参数2)
                            * 参数1:?的位置编号 从1 开始
                            * 参数2:?的值
                    7. 执行sql,接受返回结果,不需要传递sql语句
                    8. 处理结果
                    9. 释放资源

                5. 注意:后期都会使用PreparedStatement来完成增删改查的所有操作
                    1. 可以防止SQL注入
                    2. 效率更高

    ## 抽取JDBC工具类 : JDBCUtils
        * 目的:简化书写
        * 分析:
            1. 注册驱动也抽取
            2. 抽取一个方法获取连接对象
                * 需求:不想传递参数(麻烦),还得保证工具类的通用性。
                * 解决:配置文件
                    jdbc.properties
                        url=
                        user=
                        password=


            3. 抽取一个方法释放资源

        * 代码实现:
            public class JDBCUtils {
            private static String url;
            private static String user;
            private static String password;
            private static String driver;
            /**
             * 文件的读取,只需要读取一次即可拿到这些值。使用静态代码块
             */
            static{
                //读取资源文件,获取值。
        
                try {
                    //1. 创建Properties集合类。
                    Properties pro = new Properties();
        
                    //获取src路径下的文件的方式--->ClassLoader 类加载器
                    ClassLoader classLoader = JDBCUtils.class.getClassLoader();
                    URL res  = classLoader.getResource("jdbc.properties");
                    String path = res.getPath();
                    System.out.println(path);///D:/IdeaProjects/itcast/out/production/day04_jdbc/jdbc.properties
                    //2. 加载文件
                   // pro.load(new FileReader("D:\IdeaProjects\itcast\day04_jdbc\src\jdbc.properties"));
                    pro.load(new FileReader(path));
        
                    //3. 获取数据,赋值
                    url = pro.getProperty("url");
                    user = pro.getProperty("user");
                    password = pro.getProperty("password");
                    driver = pro.getProperty("driver");
                    //4. 注册驱动
                    Class.forName(driver);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        
        
            /**
             * 获取连接
             * @return 连接对象
             */
            public static Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {
        
                return DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
            }
        
            /**
             * 释放资源
             * @param stmt
             * @param conn
             */
            public static void close(Statement stmt,Connection conn){
                if( stmt != null){
                    try {
                        stmt.close();
                    } catch (SQLException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
        
                if( conn != null){
                    try {
                        conn.close();
                    } catch (SQLException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }
        
        
            /**
             * 释放资源
             * @param stmt
             * @param conn
             */
            public static void close(ResultSet rs,Statement stmt, Connection conn){
                if( rs != null){
                    try {
                        rs.close();
                    } catch (SQLException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
        
                if( stmt != null){
                    try {
                        stmt.close();
                    } catch (SQLException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
        
                if( conn != null){
                    try {
                        conn.close();
                    } catch (SQLException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }
        
        }

     

     

     

     

     

     * 练习:        * 需求:

                1. 通过键盘录入用户名和密码
                2. 判断用户是否登录成功
                    * select * from user where username = "" and password = "";
                    * 如果这个sql有查询结果,则成功,反之,则失败

            * 步骤:
                1. 创建数据库表 user
                    CREATE TABLE USER(
                        id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
                        username VARCHAR(32),
                        PASSWORD VARCHAR(32)
                    
                    );

                    INSERT INTO USER VALUES(NULL,'zhangsan','123');
                    INSERT INTO USER VALUES(NULL,'lisi','234');

                2. 代码实现:
                    public class JDBCDemo9 {

                        public static void main(String[] args) {
                            //1.键盘录入,接受用户名和密码
                            Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
                            System.out.println("请输入用户名:");
                            String username = sc.nextLine();
                            System.out.println("请输入密码:");
                            String password = sc.nextLine();
                            //2.调用方法
                            boolean flag = new JDBCDemo9().login(username, password);
                            //3.判断结果,输出不同语句
                            if(flag){
                                //登录成功
                                System.out.println("登录成功!");
                            }else{
                                System.out.println("用户名或密码错误!");
                            }
                    
                    
                        }
                    
                    
                    
                        /**
                         * 登录方法
                         */
                        public boolean login(String username ,String password){
                            if(username == null || password == null){
                                return false;
                            }
                            //连接数据库判断是否登录成功
                            Connection conn = null;
                            Statement stmt =  null;
                            ResultSet rs = null;
                            //1.获取连接
                            try {
                                conn =  JDBCUtils.getConnection();
                                //2.定义sql
                                String sql = "select * from user where username = '"+username+"' and password = '"+password+"' ";
                                //3.获取执行sql的对象
                                stmt = conn.createStatement();
                                //4.执行查询
                                rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
                                //5.判断
                               /* if(rs.next()){//如果有下一行,则返回true
                                    return true;
                                }else{
                                    return false;
                                }*/
                               return rs.next();//如果有下一行,则返回true
                    
                            } catch (SQLException e) {
                                e.printStackTrace();
                            }finally {
                                JDBCUtils.close(rs,stmt,conn);
                            }
                    
                  
                            return false;
                        }
                    }

     

     

     

     

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/324fch/p/11801812.html
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