• ACM-数论-广义欧拉降幂


    https://www.cnblogs.com/31415926535x/p/11448002.html

    曾今一时的懒,造就今日的泪

    记得半年前去武大参加的省赛,当时的A题就是一个广义欧拉降幂的板子题,后来回来补了一下,因为没有交的地方,于是就测了数据就把代码扔了,,,然后,,昨天的南京网络赛就炸了,,,一样的广义欧拉降幂的板子题,,然后因为忘记了当初自己想出来的那中写法,,一直想着回想起之前的写法,,然后到结束都没弄出来,,,emmmm,,

    赛后看了一下别人的解法,,别人的处理方法很巧妙,,当然另一个种返回两个值的(pair)的解法就是武大的标程,,,,(到最后之前想出的写法还是每能推出来,,都开始怀疑自己当时有没有真的推出来,,,,,

    思路

    广义欧拉降幂没啥好说的,,就是那个公式:

    对于求 (a^b(mod p)) 可以转换为:

    [ a^b = egin{cases} a^{b \% phi (p)} &gcd(a, p)=1 \ a^b &gcd(a, p) eq 1, b < phi (p) \ a^{b \% phi (p) + phi (p)} &gcd(a, p) eq 1, b ge phi (p)\ end{cases} ]

    公式很简单,,但是如果是求 (a_1^{a_2^{a_3^{...}}} (mod p)) 类似这样的值的话,显然要递归从上往下求(刚开始弄成了从下往上求,,口胡了一段时间,,,,),,但是再递归求的时候要考虑每一次 (b)(phi (p)) 的关系,,然后选择哪一个等式,,,这样就麻烦了,,可以用一个 pair 什么的来保存一个标志变量来决定递归的上一层要不要 (+ phi (p)) ,,另一种巧妙地方式是修改一下 取模 的过程,,这样就不用考虑了,,,具体的推导过程在这里

    所有的取模的步骤改成这样:

    inline ll modulo(ll x, ll mod){return x < mod ? x : x % mod + mod;}
    

    这样保证 (b ge phi (p)),,然后就少了判断的情况

    题目

    南京网络赛B supper_log

    南京网络赛B supper_log

    这道题按题目的意思推几项样例就能看出是要求一个 (a^{a^{a^{a^{...}}}} mod m (一共有b个a)) 的值,,直接降幂求就可以了,, 记得特判 b=0 的情况

    代码

    群里很多大佬用的方法,重置取模的流程

    #include <bits/stdc++.h>
    #define aaa cout<<233<<endl;
    #define endl '
    '
    #define pb push_back
    using namespace std;
    typedef long long ll;
    typedef unsigned long long ull;
    typedef long double ld; 
    // mt19937 rnd(time(0));
    const int inf = 0x3f3f3f3f;//1061109567 > 1e9
    const ll linf = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f;
    const double eps = 1e-7;
    const double pi = 3.14159265358979;
    const int maxn = 1e3 + 5;
    const int maxm = 1e3 + 5;
    const int mod = 1e9 + 7;
    
    ll f(ll x, ll a)
    {
        if(x < 1)return -1;
        return 1 + f((ll)(log(x) / log(a)), a);
    }
    
    inline ll modulo(ll x, ll mod){return x < mod ? x : x % mod + mod;}
    inline ll pow_(ll a, ll b, ll p)
    {
        ll ret = 1;
        while(b)
        {
            if(b & 1)ret = modulo(ret * a, p);
            a = modulo(a * a, p);
            b >>= 1;
        }
        return ret;
    }
    inline ll phi(ll x)
    {
        ll ans = x;
        for(ll i = 2; i * i <= x; ++i)
        {
            if(x % i == 0)
            {
                ans = ans / i * (i - 1);
                while(x % i == 0)x /= i;
            }
        }
        if(x > 1)ans = ans / x * (x - 1);
        return ans;
    }
    ll gcd(ll a, ll b)
    {
        if(b == 0)return a;
        return gcd(b, a % b);
    }
    ll f(ll a, ll b, ll k, ll p)
    {
        if(p == 1)return 1;
        if(k == 0)return 1;
        return pow_(a, f(a, a, k - 1, phi(p)), p);
    }
    
    
    int main()
    {
        // double pp = clock();
        // freopen("233.in", "r", stdin);
        // freopen("233.out", "w", stdout);
        // ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
        // cin.tie(0);cout.tie(0);
    
        int t; cin >> t;
        while(t--)
        {
            ll a, b, m;
            cin >> a >> b >> m;
            // cout << a << b << m << endl;
            if(b == 0)
            {
                cout << 1 % m << endl;
                continue;
            }
            ll ans = f(a, a, b, m) % m;
            // if(a == 1)ans = 1 % m;
            // cout << ans << " " << ans % m << endl;
            cout << ans << endl;
        }
        
    
        // cout << endl << (clock() - pp) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << endl;
        return 0;
    }
    

    pair记录上一层

    武大那场的标程,,直接改了下输入,,

    #include <bits/stdc++.h>
    using namespace std;
    #define ll long long
    const int N = 1000010;
    int prime[N + 1], isprime[N + 1];
    int tot, phi[N + 1];
    struct P
    {
        ll ans;
        bool v;
        P(ll _ans, bool _v)
        {
            ans = _ans;
            v = _v;
        }
    };
    ll gcd(ll a, ll b)
    {
        return b ? gcd(b, a % b) : a;
    }
    P qpow(ll A, ll B, ll C)
    {
        ll re = 1;
        bool flag = 1;
        while (B)
        {
            if (B & 1)
            {
                if ((re *= A) >= C)
                    flag = 0;
                re = re % C;
            }
            B = B >> 1;
            if (B)
            {
                if (A >= C)
                    flag = 0;
                A %= C;
                if ((A *= A) >= C)
                    flag = 0;
                A %= C;
            }
        }
        return P(re, flag);
    }
    void getphi()
    {
        phi[1] = 1;
        isprime[1] = 1;
        for (int i = 2; i <= N; i++)
        {
            if (!isprime[i])
            {
                prime[++tot] = i;
                phi[i] = i - 1;
            }
            for (int j = 1; j <= tot && i * prime[j] <= N; j++)
            {
                isprime[i * prime[j]] = 1;
                if (i % prime[j] == 0)
                {
                    phi[i * prime[j]] = phi[i] * prime[j];
                    break;
                }
                else
                    phi[i * prime[j]] = phi[i] * phi[prime[j]];
            }
        }
    }
    inline ll Euler(ll x)
    {
        return phi[x];
        //题目可以再复杂一点模数可以到longlong
        // ll ans = x;
        // for (int i = 1; i <= tot && prime[i] * prime[i] <= x; i++)
        // {
        //     if (x % prime[i] == 0)
        //     {
        //         ans = ans / prime[i] * (prime[i] - 1);
        //         while (x % prime[i] == 0)
        //             x /= prime[i];
        //     }
        // }
        // if (x > 1)
        //     ans = ans / x * (x - 1);
        // return ans;
    }
    P f(ll a, ll b, ll k, ll p)
    {
        if (p == 1)
            return P(0, 0);
        if (k == 0)
            return P(a % p, a < p);
        ll ep = Euler(p);
        P tmp = f(b, b, k - 1, ep);
        if (gcd(a, p) == 1)
            return qpow(a, tmp.ans, p);
        if (tmp.v == false)
        {
            tmp.ans += ep;
        }
        return qpow(a, tmp.ans, p);
    }
    int main()
    {
        //double pp = clock();
        // freopen("233.in", "r", stdin);
        // freopen("233.out", "w", stdout);
        ll a, b, k, p;
        getphi();
        int t;
        while (~scanf("%d", &t))
        {
            while (t--)
            {
                scanf("%lld %lld %lld", &a, &k, &p);
                b = a;
                if(k == 0)
                {
                    printf("%lld
    ", 1 % p);
                    continue;
                }
                printf("%lld
    ", f(a, b, k - 1, p).ans);
            }
        }
        //cout<<(clock()-pp)/CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
        return 0;
    }
    

    cf-906 D. Power Tower

    cf-906 D. Power Tower

    突然很多人交这道两年前的题啊,,hhhhh

    这题也是降幂,他是求的一个指数序列的一个区间的幂的值,,,套路一样,,就是这个模数很大,,不能每次都算他的 phi ,,不然会超时,,所以要记忆化一下 unordered_map 一下,,或者 预处理一下模数的所有phi 因为对一个数一直求 phi 下去,,其实个数不多,,,

    #include <bits/stdc++.h>
    #define aaa cout<<233<<endl;
    #define endl '
    '
    #define pb push_back
    using namespace std;
    typedef long long ll;
    typedef unsigned long long ull;
    typedef long double ld; 
    // mt19937 rnd(time(0));
    const int inf = 0x3f3f3f3f;//1061109567 > 1e9
    const ll linf = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f;
    const double eps = 1e-7;
    const double pi = 3.14159265358979;
    const int maxn = 1e5 + 5;
    const int maxm = 1e3 + 5;
    const int mod = 1e9 + 7;
    
    ll a[maxn];
    
    inline ll modulo(ll x, ll mod){return x < mod ? x : x % mod + mod;}
    inline ll pow_(ll a, ll b, ll p)
    {
        ll ret = 1;
        while(b)
        {
            if(b & 1)ret = modulo(ret * a, p);
            a = modulo(a * a, p);
            b >>= 1;
        }
        return ret;
    }
    unordered_map<ll, ll> phi_;
    inline ll phi(ll x)
    {
        if(phi_[x])return phi_[x];
        ll ans = x;
        ll t = x;
        for(ll i = 2; i * i <= x; ++i)
        {
            if(x % i == 0)
            {
                ans = ans / i * (i - 1);
                while(x % i == 0)x /= i;
            }
        }
        if(x > 1)ans = ans / x * (x - 1);
        phi_[t] = ans;
        return ans;
    }
    //这里根据题意来更改,k表示共有k个指数
    ll f(ll a, ll b, ll k, ll p)
    {
        if(p == 1)return 1;
        if(k == 0)return 1;
        return pow_(a, f(a, a, k - 1, phi(p)), p);
    }
    ll f(ll l, ll r, ll p)
    {
        if(p == 1)return 1;
        if(l == r + 1)return 1;
        return pow_(a[l], f(l + 1, r, phi(p)), p);
    }
    
    int main()
    {
        // double pp = clock();
        // freopen("233.in", "r", stdin);
        // freopen("233.out", "w", stdout);
        ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
        cin.tie(0);cout.tie(0);
    
        ll n, m;
        cin >> n >> m;
        for(int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)cin >> a[i];
        int q; cin >> q;
        while(q--)
        {
            ll l, r; cin >> l >> r;
            cout << f(l, r, m) % m << endl;
        }
    
        // cout << endl << (clock() - pp) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << endl;
        return 0;
    }
    

    cf-gym-101550 E Exponial

    cf-gym-101550 E Exponial

    这题是求一个 (n^{{n-1}^{{n-2}^{{n-3}^{{...}^{1}}}}} mod p) ,,,用上面的板子改一改就可以了,,,

    #include <bits/stdc++.h>
    #define aaa cout<<233<<endl;
    #define endl '
    '
    #define pb push_back
    using namespace std;
    typedef long long ll;
    typedef unsigned long long ull;
    typedef long double ld; 
    // mt19937 rnd(time(0));
    const int inf = 0x3f3f3f3f;//1061109567 > 1e9
    const ll linf = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f;
    const double eps = 1e-7;
    const double pi = 3.14159265358979;
    const int maxn = 1e5 + 5;
    const int maxm = 1e3 + 5;
    const int mod = 1e9 + 7;
    
    
    inline ll modulo(ll x, ll mod){return x < mod ? x : x % mod + mod;}
    inline ll pow_(ll a, ll b, ll p)
    {
        ll ret = 1;
        while(b)
        {
            if(b & 1)ret = modulo(ret * a, p);
            a = modulo(a * a, p);
            b >>= 1;
        }
        return ret;
    }
    unordered_map<ll, ll> phi_;
    inline ll phi(ll x)
    {
        if(phi_[x])return phi_[x];
        ll ans = x;
        ll t = x;
        for(ll i = 2; i * i <= x; ++i)
        {
            if(x % i == 0)
            {
                ans = ans / i * (i - 1);
                while(x % i == 0)x /= i;
            }
        }
        if(x > 1)ans = ans / x * (x - 1);
        phi_[t] = ans;
        return ans;
    }
    
    // ll f(ll l, ll r, ll p)
    // {
    //     if(p == 1)return 1;
    //     if(l == r + 1)return 1;
    //     return pow_(a[l], f(l + 1, r, phi(p)), p);
    // }
    
    ll f(ll a, ll p)
    {
        if(p == 1)return 1;
        if(a == 1)return 1;
        return pow_(a, f(a - 1, phi(p)), p);
    }
    
    int main()
    {
        // double pp = clock();
        // freopen("233.in", "r", stdin);
        // freopen("233.out", "w", stdout);
        ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
        cin.tie(0);cout.tie(0);
    
        ll n, m;
        while(cin >> n >> m)cout << f(n, m) % m << endl;
    
        // cout << endl << (clock() - pp) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << endl;
        return 0;
    }
    

    貌似够了,,,数论是最不想碰的东西,,emmmm,,,但又时不得不稍稍掌握的东西,,,,

    (end....)

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/31415926535x/p/11448002.html
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