《水动力学和水质——河流、湖泊及河口数值模拟》充分反映了当代地表水环境数值模拟的前沿理念和最新成果,系统地阐述了水环境及其模拟的原理、基本物理过程、数学描述和工程应用。作者季振刚博士是美国纽约州和佛罗里达州认证的专业工程师,多年从事水动力学、流体力学、底泥疏浚和水质方面的研究。在全书内容安排上,先阐述地表水环境过程及其数值模拟的基本理论和重点主题,包括水动力学,泥沙输运,病原体和有毒物质,水质和富营养化,外源和最大日负载总量(TMDL),这些内容覆盖了前6章,第7章讨论了用统计分析方法评估模型性能的问题。最后3章则转入前述理论和方法在三类水体的应用,即河流、湖泊(水库)和河口(近海)。本书的一大特色是取材于大量的实例,而这些个例大都来自于作者的实际工作经验。通过这些实例,读者可以详细了解环境问题的解决办法和技术路线。
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Understanding Surface Waters
1.3 Modeling of Surface Waters
1.4 About This Book
2 Hydrodynamics
2.1 Hydrodynamic Processes
2.1.1 Water Density
2.1.2Conservation Laws
2.1.3 Advection and Dispersion
2.1.4 Mass Balance Equation
2.1.5 Atmospheric Forcings
2.1.6Coriolis Force and Geostrophic Flow
2.2 Governing Equations
2.2.1 Basic Approximations
2.2.2 Equations in Cartesian Coordinates
2.2.3 Vertical Mixing and Turbulence Models
2.2.4 Equations in Curvilinear Coordinates
2.2.5 Initial Conditions and Boundary Conditions
2.3 Temperature
2.3.1 Heatflux Components
2.3.2Temperature Formulations
2.4Hydrodynamic Modeling
2.4.1Hydrodynamic Parameters and Data Requirements
2.4.2Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee
2.4.3Case Study lI: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian RiverLagoon
3 Sediment Transport
3.1Overview
3.1.1 Properties of Sediment
3.1.2 Problems Associated with Sediment
3.2 Sediment Processes
3.2.1 Particle Settling
3.2.2Horizontal Transport of Sediment
3.2.3 Resuspension and Deposition
3.2.4 Equations for Sediment Transport
3.2.5Turbidity and Secchi Depth
3.3 Cohesive Sediment
3.3.1Vertical Profiles of Cohesive Sediment Concentrations
3.3.2Flocculation
3.3.3Settling of Cohesive Sediment
3.3.4 Deposition of Cohesive Sediment
3.3.5Resuspension of Cohesive Sediment
3.4 Noncohesive Sediment
3.4.1Shields Diagram
3.4.2Settling and Equilibrium Concentration
3.4.3Bed Load Transport
3.5Sediment Bed
3.5.1 Characteristics of Sediment Bed
3.5.2A Model for Sediment Bed
3.6Wind Waves
3.6.1 Wave Processes
3.6.2Wind Wave Characteristics
3.6.3 Wind Wave Models
3.6.4 Combined Flows of Wind Waves and Currents
3.6.5 Case Study: Wind Wave Modeling in Lake Okeechobee
3.7 Sediment Transport Modeling
3.7.1 Sediment Parameters and Data Requirements
3.7.2 Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee
3.7.3 Case Study II: Blackstone River
4 Pathogens and Toxics
4.1 Overview
4.2 Pathogens
4.2.1 Bacteria,Viruses, and Protozoa4.2.2 Pathogen Indicators
4.2.3 Processes Affecting Pathogens4.3Toxic Substances
4.3.1 Toxic Organic Chemicals4.3.2 Metals
4.3.3 Sorption and Desorption
4.4 Fate and Transport Processes
4.4.1 Mathematical Formulations
4.4.2 Processes Affecting Fate and Decay
4.5 Contaminant Modeling
4.5.1 Case Study I: St.Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon
4.5.2 Case Study II: Rockford Lake
5 Water Quality and Eutrophication
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Eutrophication
5.1.2 Algae
5.1.3 Nutrients
5.1.4 Dissolved Oxygen
5.1.5 Governing Equations for Water Quality Processes
5.2 Algae
5.2.1 Algal Biomass and Chlorophyll
5.2.2 Equations for Algal Processes
5.2.3 Algal Growth
5.2.4 Algal Reduction
5.2.5 Silica and Diatom
5.2.6Periphyton
5.3 Organic Carbon
5.3.1 Decomposition of Organic Carbon
5.3.2 Equations for Organic Carbon
5.3.3 Heterotrophic Respiration and Dissolution
5.4 Phosphorus
5.4.1 Equations for Phosphorus State Variables
5.4.2 Phosphorus Processes
5.5 Nitrogen
5.5.1 Forms of Nitrogen
5.5.2 Equations for Nitrogen State Variables
5.5.3 Nitrogen Processes
5.6 Dissolved Oxygen
5.6.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
5.6.2 Processes and Equations of Dissolved Oxygen
5.6.3 Effects of Photosynthesis and Respiration
5.6.4 Reaeration
5.6.5 Chemical Oxygen Demand
5.7 Sediment Fluxes
5.7.1 Sediment Diagenesis Model
5.7.2 Depositional Fluxes
5.7.3 Diagenesis Fluxes
5.7.4 Sediment Fluxes
5.7.5 Silica
5.7.6 Coupling with Sediment Resuspension
5.8 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
5.8.1 Introduction
5.8.2 Equations for a SAV Model
5.8.3 Coupling with the Water Quality Model
5.9 Water Quality Modeling
5.9.1 Model Parameters and Data Requirements
5.9.2 Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee
5.9.3 Case Study II: St.Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon
6 External Sources and TMDL
6.1 Point Sources and Nonpoint Sources
6.2 Atmospheric Deposition
6.3 Wetlands and Groundwater
6.3.1 Wetlands
6.3.2 Groundwater
6.4 Watershed Processes and TMDL Development
6.4.1 Watershed Processes
6.4.2 Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
7 Mathematical Modeling and Statistical Analyses
7.1 Mathematical Models
7.1.1 Numerical Models
7.1.2 Model Selection
7.1.3 Spatial Resolution and Temporal Resolution
7.2 Statistical Analyses
7.2.1 Statistics for Model Performance Evaluation
7.2.2Correlation and Regression
7.2.3 Spectral Analysis
7.2.4 Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF)
7.2.5 EOF Case Study
7.3 Model Calibration and Verification
7.3.1 Model Calibration
7.3.2 Model Verification and Validation
7.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis
8 Rivers
8.1 Characteristics of Rivers
8.2 Hydrodynamic Processes in Rivers
8.2.1 River Flow and the Manning Equation
8.2.2 Advection and Dispersion in Rivers
8.2.3 Flow over Dams
8.3 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Rivers
8.3.1 Sediment and Contaminants in Rivers
8.3.2 Impacts of River Flow on Water Quality
8.3.3 Eutrophication and Periphyton in Rivers8.3.4 Dissolved Oxygen in Rivers
8.4 River Modeling
8.4.1 Case Study I: Blackstone River
8.4.2 Case Study II: Susquehanna River
9 Lakes and Reservoirs
9.1 Characteristics of Lakes and Reservoirs
9.1.1 Key Factors Controlling a Lake
9.1.2 Vertical Stratification
9.1.3 Biological Zones in Lakes
9.1.4 Characteristics of Reservoirs
9.1.5 Lake Pollution and Eutrophication
9.2 Hydrodynamic Processes
9.2.1 Inflow, Outflow, and Water Budget
9.2.2 Wind Forcing and Vertical Circulations
9.2.3 Seasonal Variations of Stratification
9.2.4 Gyres
9.2.5 Seiches
9.3 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Lakes
9.3.1 Sediment Deposition in Reservoirs and Lakes
9.3.2 Algae and Nutrient Stratifications
9.3.3 Dissolved Oxygen Stratifications
9.3.4 Internal Cycling and Limiting Functions inShallow Lakes
9.4 Lake Modeling
9.4.1 Case Study I: Lake Tenkiller
9.4.2 Case Study II: Lake Okeechobee
10 Estuaries and Coastal Waters
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Tidal Processes
10.2.1 Tides
10.2.2 Tidal Currents
10.2.3 Harmonic Analysis
10.3 Hydrodynamic Processes in Estuaries
10.3.1 Salinity
10.3.2 Estuarine Circulation
10.3.3 Stratifications of Estuaries
10.3.4 Flushing Time
10.4 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Estuaries
10.4.1 Sediment Transport under Tidal Forcing
10.4.2 Flocculation of Cohesive Sediment and Sediment Trapping
10.4.3 Eutrophication in Estuaries
10.5 Estuarine and Coastal Modeling
10.5.1 Open Boundary Conditions
10.5.2 Case Study I: Morro Bay
10.5.3 Case Study II : St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon