GRASS——一个开源的遥感软件

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GRASS GIS 7.8.5dev Reference Manual

Geographic Resources Analysis Support System, commonly referred to as GRASS GIS, is a Geographic Information System (GIS) used for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, graphics/maps production, spatial modeling, and visualization. GRASS is currently used in academic and commercial settings around the world, as well as by many governmental agencies and environmental consulting companies.

This reference manual details the use of modules distributed with Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS), an open source (GNU GPLed), image processing and geographic information system (GIS).

Quick Introduction How to start with GRASS GIS Index of topics and keywords Intro: projections and spatial transformations FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions (Wiki) Graphical index of functionality	Graphical User Interface wxGUI wxGUI components wxGUI toolboxes GUI commands  Display Display commands manual Display drivers	General GRASS GIS startup manual General commands manual  Addons Addons manual pages  Programmer's Manual Programmer's Manual
Raster processing Intro: 2D raster map processing Raster commands manual	3D raster processing Intro: 3D raster map (voxel) processing 3D raster (voxel) commands manual	Image processing Intro: image processing Imagery commands manual
Vector processing Intro: vector map processing and network analysis Vector commands manual GRASS ASCII vector format specification	Database Intro: database management SQL support in GRASS GIS Database commands manual	Temporal processing Intro: temporal data processing Temporal commands manual
Cartography PostScript commands manual wxGUI Cartographic Composer	Miscellaneous & Variables Miscellaneous commands manual GRASS variables and environment variables	Python GRASS GIS Python library documentation PyGRASS documentation

GRASS GIS Quickstart

Table of contents

Geographic Resources Analysis Support System

GRASS GIS, commonly referred to as GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System), is a free Geographic Information System (GIS) software used for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, graphics/maps production, spatial modeling, and visualization. GRASS GIS is currently used in academic and commercial settings around the world, as well as by many governmental agencies and environmental consulting companies. GRASS GIS is an official project of the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo).

1. Graphical startup of GRASS GIS

For text-based startup see below.

After launching GRASS GIS, the startup screen will open:

 Selecting the GIS Database directory

GRASS data are stored in a directory referred to as DATABASE (also called "GISDBASE"). This directory has to be created with a file manager or the mkdir command, before starting to work with GRASS. Within this DATABASE, the projects are organized by project areas stored in subdirectories called LOCATIONs.

GRASS数据存储在一个称为DATABASE的目录中（也称为“GISDBASE”）。在开始使用GRASS之前，必须使用文件管理器或mkdir命令创建此目录。在这个数据库中，项目是按存储在名为LOCATIONs的子目录中的项目区域来组织的。

 Selecting the LOCATION (a project)

A LOCATION is defined by its coordinate system, map projection and geographical boundaries. The subdirectories and files defining a LOCATION are created automatically when GRASS is started the first time with a new LOCATION. It is important to understand that each projection stays in its own LOCATION.

位置由其坐标系、地图投影和地理边界定义。定义位置的子目录和文件是在第一次使用新位置启动GRASS时自动创建的。重要的是要了解每个投影都位于自己的位置。(EPSG:https://www.cnblogs.com/E7868A/p/11460865.html)

See the "Location Wizard"  to easily create a new LOCATION from scratch from a geocoded file, by defining the parameters or by selecting the corresponding EPSG projection code.

See  to directly download a sample LOCATION into the DATABASE.

 Selecting the MAPSET (a subproject)

Each LOCATION can have many MAPSETs. Each MAPSET is a LOCATION's subdirectory. New MAPSET can be added at GRASS startup (see related button).

 Location Wizard

The "Location Wizard" let's you easily create a new LOCATION. You will be guided through a series of dialogues to browse and select predefined projections (also via EPSG code) or to define individual projections. You can also create new LOCATION easily from a georeferenced data file (e.g., SHAPE file or GeoTIFF, see below). Find below also some rules to define the default raster resolution for a new LOCATION.

 Download a sample LOCATION

In the "Location Wizard" there is also a Download button that allows you to directly download a ready-to-use LOCATION into the DATABASE. You can choose among different sample LOCATIONS that are currently available at the Download section in the GRASS GIS website.

 Start GRASS

Once you have selected an existing LOCATION/MAPSET or defined a new one, you can enter GRASS. The graphical user interface wxGUI will open and provide you with a menu system, map visualization tool, digitizer, and more.

2. Background: GRASS GIS Location structure

A LOCATION is simply a set of directories which contains the GRASS data of a project. Within each LOCATION, a mandatory "PERMANENT" MAPSET exists which contains projection information and some more definitions. It can be used to store the base cartography in it as "PERMANENT" is visible to all users accessing a LOCATION.

Fig. 1: GRASS GIS 7 location structure

Creating and maintaining MAPSETs

One motivation to maintain different MAPSETs is to store maps related to project issues or subregions. Another motivation is to support simultaneous access of several users to the map layers stored within the same LOCATION, i.e. teams working on the same project. For teams, a centralized GRASS DATABASE would be defined in a shared network file system (e.g. NFS). Besides access to his/her own MAPSET, each user can also read map layers in other users' MAPSETs, but s/he can modify or remove only the map layers in his/her own MAPSET.

You can learn more about mapsets and how to seamlessly access maps found in another MAPSET of the same LOCATION in the g.mapsets documentation.

The role of the "PERMANENT" MAPSET

When creating a new LOCATION, GRASS GIS automatically creates a special MAPSET called PERMANENT where the core data for the project can be stored. Data in the PERMANENT MAPSET can only be added, modified or removed by the owner of the PERMANENT MAPSET; however, they can be accessed, analyzed, and copied into their own MAPSET by the other users. The PERMANENT MAPSET is useful for providing general spatial data (e.g. an elevation model), accessible but write-protected to all users who are working in the same LOCATION as the database owner. To manipulate or add data to PERMANENT, the owner would start GRASS and choose the relevant LOCATION and the PERMANENT MAPSET. This mapset also contains the DEFAULT_WIND file, which holds the default region boundary coordinate values for the LOCATION (which all users will inherit when they start using the database). Additionally, in all mapsets a WIND file is kept, for storing the current boundary coordinate values and the currently selected raster resolution. Users have the option of switching back to the default region at any time.

3. Creating a GRASS Database with Sample Data

To create the GRASS database:

1. Find a place on your disk where you have write access and that has enough disk space to hold your spatial data.
2. Create a subdirectory that will hold the general GRASS database (e.g. using a file manager or with mkdir /data/grassdata or mkdir /home/yourlogin/grassdata).

Sample data such as the "North Carolina" or the "Spearfish" sample datasets may be downloaded from https://grass.osgeo.org/download/data/ and the compressed data package(s) extracted into this new database directory.

Now you are ready to select a sample dataset in the GRASS GIS startup screen (see above) and start the session.

4. Creating a New Location with the Location Wizard

The wxGUI graphical user interface provides a graphical "Location Wizard" which lets you easily create a new LOCATION for own data. You will be guided through a series of dialogues to browse and select predefined projections (also via EPSG code) or to define individual projections. The rules to define the resolution as described above also apply here.

Hint: You can create new LOCATION easily from a georeferenced data file (e.g., SHAPE file or GeoTIFF file with the related metadata properly included). In this case you are asked whether the data itself should be imported into the new LOCATION. The default region is then set to match imported map and the GRASS GIS session is opened.

After defining new LOCATION, wxGUI starts automatically. If data were already imported, you can add them into the Layer Manager now and display them. If your LOCATION is empty you can import your data from the menu: Go to "File" -> "Import raster/vector data" (see also the related Wiki page on Importing data).

5. Text-based startup and location creation

GRASS GIS can be run entirely without using the graphical user interface. For a first time startup, the following steps have to be followed:

1. Create the GRASS GIS database directory (with a file manager; or on command line: mkdir /home/user/grassdata
2. Create a new location, including it's default PERMANENT mapset, without entering the new location:
   • Using an EPSG code:
      grass78 -e -c EPSG:32630 /home/user/grassdata/mylocation
   • Using a georeferenced raster or vector file:
      grass78 -e -c MyGeoReferenceFile.tif /home/user/grassdata/mylocation
3. Create new mapset within the new location and launch GRASS GIS within that mapset: 
    grass78 -c /home/user/grassdata/mylocation/mymapset

Further Reading

Please have a look at the GRASS GIS web site for tutorials and books: https://grass.osgeo.org/learn/.

See also

GRASS GIS 7 Reference Manual 
GRASS GIS 7 startup program manual page

List of EPSG codes (Database of worldwide coordinate systems)