什么叫消息队列
消息(Message)是指在应用间传送的数据。消息可以非常简单,比如只包含文本字符串,也可以更复杂,可能包含嵌入对象。
消息队列(Message Queue)是一种应用间的通信方式,消息发送后可以立即返回,由消息系统来确保消息的可靠传递。消息发布者只管把消息发布到 MQ 中而不用管谁来取,消息使用者只管从 MQ 中取消息而不管是谁发布的。这样发布者和使用者都不用知道对方的存在。
为何用消息队列
从上面的描述中可以看出消息队列是一种应用间的异步协作机制,那什么时候需要使用 MQ 呢?
以常见的订单系统为例,用户点击【下单】按钮之后的业务逻辑可能包括:扣减库存、生成相应单据、发红包、发短信通知。在业务发展初期这些逻辑可能放在一起同步执行,随着业务的发展订单量增长,需要提升系统服务的性能,这时可以将一些不需要立即生效的操作拆分出来异步执行,比如发放红包、发短信通知等。这种场景下就可以用 MQ ,在下单的主流程(比如扣减库存、生成相应单据)完成之后发送一条消息到 MQ 让主流程快速完结,而由另外的单独线程拉取MQ的消息(或者由 MQ 推送消息),当发现 MQ 中有发红包或发短信之类的消息时,执行相应的业务逻辑。
RabbitMQ
RabbitMQ 是一个由 Erlang 语言开发的 AMQP 的开源实现。
rabbitMQ是一款基于AMQP协议的消息中间件,它能够在应用之间提供可靠的消息传输。在易用性,扩展性,高可用性上表现优秀。使用消息中间件利于应用之间的解耦,生产者(客户端)无需知道消费者(服务端)的存在。而且两端可以使用不同的语言编写,大大提供了灵活性。
rabbitMQ安装
略
rabbitMQ工作模型
1 简单模式
生产者:
exchange='' 交换机不工作
routing_key="hello" :当exchange为空时按routing_key对应的值查找队列
body :插入数据
消费者:
no_ack
2 exchange模式
----fanout
----direct
----topic
简单模式:
生产者:
import pika #创建连接 connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='192.168.20.XX',#ip地址 port=5672,#端口号 credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin',#用户名字 password='123456'#密码 ) )) #创建管道 channel = connection.channel() #创建队列 channel.queue_declare(queue='hello1') #发布消息 channel.basic_publish(exchange='',#交换机为空 routing_key='hello1',#直接寻找队列 body='Hello Frank')#放入队列的数据 print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'") connection.close()
消费者
import pika #创建连接 connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='192.168.20.XX', port=5672, credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin', password='123456' ) )) #创建管道 channel = connection.channel() #创建队列 channel.queue_declare(queue='hello1') #回调函数 def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] Received %r" % body) # channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello1', no_ack=True) print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C') channel.start_consuming()
注:我们在简单模式里面发现,生产者和消费者都可以创建队列。只有消费者里面有回调函数。
相关参数:
(1)no-ack = False,如果消费者遇到情况(its channel is closed, connection is closed, or TCP connection is lost)挂掉了,那么,RabbitMQ会重新将该任务添加到队列中。
需要添加下面两个参数
- 回调函数中的
ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)
- basic_comsume中的
no_ack=False
消费者的代码变成:
import pika
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(
pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='192.168.20.XX',
port=5672,
credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials(
username='admin',
password='123456'
)
))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
import time time.sleep(10)
print 'ok'
ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello', no_ack=False)
print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()
(2) durable :消息不丢失
生产者:
import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='192.168.20.70', port=5672, credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin', password='123456' ) )) channel = connection.channel() # make message persistent channel.queue_declare(queue='S1', durable=True) channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='S1', body='Hello World!', properties=pika.BasicProperties( delivery_mode=2, # make message persistent )) print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'") connection.close()
消费者:
import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='192.168.20.70', port=5672, credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin', password='123456' ) )) channel = connection.channel() # make message persistent channel.queue_declare(queue='S1', durable=True) def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] Received %r" % body) import time time.sleep(10) print ('ok') ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='S1', no_ack=False) print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C') channel.start_consuming()
(3) 消息获取顺序
默认消息队列里的数据是按照顺序被消费者拿走,例如:消费者1 去队列中获取 奇数 序列的任务,消费者2去队列中获取 偶数 序列的任务。
channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) 表示谁来谁取,不再按照奇偶数排列
生产者里面加入:
import pika channel = connection.channel() connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='192.168.20.70', port=5672, credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin', password='123456' ) )) # make message persistent channel.queue_declare(queue='hello') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] Received %r" % body) import time time.sleep(10) print 'ok' ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag) channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello', no_ack=False) print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C') channel.start_consuming()
exchange模型
里面的主要区别就是关键字不同:
- - fanout 发布订阅模型
- - direct 关键字模型
- - topic 模糊模型
3.1 发布订阅
发布订阅和简单的消息队列区别在于,发布订阅会将消息发送给所有的订阅者,而消息队列中的数据被消费一次便消失。所以,RabbitMQ实现发布和订阅时,会为每一个订阅者创建一个队列,而发布者发布消息时,会将消息放置在所有相关队列中。
exchange type = fanout
生产者:
import pika import sys #创建连接 connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='192.168.20.70', port=5672, credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin', password='123456' ) )) #创建通道 channel = connection.channel() #创建交换机 channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout') message = ' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "info: Hello World!" channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body=message) print(" [x] Sent %r" % message) connection.close()
消费者:
import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='192.168.20.70', port=5672, credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin', password='123456' ) )) #创建通道 channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs',exchange_type='fanout') #创建交换机 result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) queue_name = result.method.queue channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name) print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] %r" % body) channel.basic_consume(callback,queue=queue_name,no_ack=True) channel.start_consuming()
注:生产者只用来生成交换机,消费者用来生成队列。
3.2 关键字发送
exchange type = direct
之前事例,发送消息时明确指定某个队列并向其中发送消息,RabbitMQ还支持根据关键字发送,即:队列绑定关键字,发送者将数据根据关键字发送到消息exchange,exchange根据 关键字 判定应该将数据发送至指定队列
消费者:
import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='192.168.20.70', port=5672, credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin', password='123456' ) )) channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct') result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) queue_name = result.method.queue severities=["info","warning","error"] for severity in severities: channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=severity) print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body)) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue=queue_name, no_ack=True) channel.start_consuming()
生产者:
import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='192.168.20.70', port=5672, credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin', password='123456' ) )) channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct') severity = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'warning' message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World warning!' channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs', routing_key=severity, body=message) print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message)) connection.close()
3.3 模糊匹配
exchange type = topic
发送者路由值 队列中 old.boy.python old.* -- 不匹配 old.boy.python old.# -- 匹配
在topic类型下,可以让队列绑定几个模糊的关键字,之后发送者将数据发送到exchange,exchange将传入”路由值“和 ”关键字“进行匹配,匹配成功,则将数据发送到指定队列。
- # 表示可以匹配 0 个 或 多个 单词
- * 表示只能匹配 一个 单词
消费者:
import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='47.94.91.XX', port=5672, credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin', password='123456' ) )) channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic') result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) queue_name = result.method.queue binding_keys = sys.argv[1:] if not binding_keys: sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [binding_key]... " % sys.argv[0]) sys.exit(1) for binding_key in binding_keys: channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=binding_key) print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body)) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue=queue_name, no_ack=True) channel.start_consuming()
生产者:
import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='47.94.91.XX', port=5672, credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin', password='123456' ) )) channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic') routing_key = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'anonymous.info' message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!' channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs', routing_key=routing_key, body=message) print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (routing_key, message)) connection.close()
基于RabbitMQ的RPC
RPC:是一个完整的网络调用,客户端发一条数据到服务端,然后获取返回值。
这里先启动服务端生成一个队列,然后夯住这个队列。
在启动客户端,先生成一个返回数据的队列,然后发送数据,夯住这个返回数据的队列。
Callback queue 回调队列
一个客户端向服务器发送请求,服务器端处理请求后,将其处理结果保存在一个存储体中。而客户端为了获得处理结果,那么客户在向服务器发送请求时,同时发送一个回调队列地址reply_to
。
Correlation id 关联标识
一个客户端可能会发送多个请求给服务器,当服务器处理完后,客户端无法辨别在回调队列中的响应具体和那个请求时对应的。为了处理这种情况,客户端在发送每个请求时,同时会附带一个独有correlation_id
属性,这样客户端在回调队列中根据correlation_id
字段的值就可以分辨此响应属于哪个请求。
服务端代码:
import pika # 建立连接,服务器地址为localhost,可指定ip地址 connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='47.94.91.xx', port=5672, credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin', password='123456' ) )) # 建立会话 channel = connection.channel() # 声明RPC请求队列 channel.queue_declare(queue='rpc_queue') # 数据处理方法 def fib(n): if n == 0: return 0 elif n == 1: return 1 else: return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) # 对RPC请求队列中的请求进行处理 def on_request(ch, method, props, body): n = int(body) print(" [.] fib(%s)" % n) # 调用数据处理方法 response = fib(n) # 将处理结果(响应)发送到回调队列 ch.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key=props.reply_to, properties=pika.BasicProperties(correlation_id = props.correlation_id), body=str(response)) ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag) # 负载均衡,同一时刻发送给该服务器的请求不超过一个 channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)#这个是负载均衡 channel.basic_consume(on_request, queue='rpc_queue') print(" [x] Awaiting RPC requests") channel.start_consuming()
客户端代码:
import pika import uuid class FibonacciRpcClient(object): def __init__(self): # 建立连接,指定服务器的ip地址 # self.connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( # host='localhost')) self.connection = pika.BlockingConnection( pika.ConnectionParameters( host='47.94.91.XX', port=5672, credentials=pika.credentials.PlainCredentials( username='admin', password='123456' ) )) # 建立一个会话,每个channel代表一个会话任务 self.channel = self.connection.channel() #一下两句就是随机生成一个队列并获取它的名字 result = self.channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) self.callback_queue = result.method.queue # 客户端订阅回调队列,当回调队列中有响应时,调用`on_response`方法对响应进行处理; self.channel.basic_consume(self.on_response, no_ack=True, queue=self.callback_queue) # 对回调队列中的响应进行处理的函数 def on_response(self, ch, method, props, body): if self.corr_id == props.correlation_id: self.response = body # 发出RPC请求 def call(self, n): # 初始化 response self.response = None # 生成correlation_id self.corr_id = str(uuid.uuid4()) # 发送RPC请求内容到RPC请求队列`rpc_queue`,同时发送的还有`reply_to`和`correlation_id` self.channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='rpc_queue', properties=pika.BasicProperties( reply_to=self.callback_queue, correlation_id=self.corr_id, ), body=str(n)) while self.response is None: self.connection.process_data_events()#这个方法的执行是触发self.channel.basic_consume return int(self.response) # 建立客户端 fibonacci_rpc = FibonacciRpcClient() # 发送RPC请求 print(" [x] Requesting fib(30)") response = fibonacci_rpc.call(6) print(" [.] Got %r" % response)