• 實作 Layer 7 封包過濾


    http://ms.ntcb.edu.tw/~steven/article/kernel-layer7-filter.htm

    參考資訊

    Debian 使用者可參考網友 何祖彬 http://blog.csdn.net/zubin006/archive/2008/08/03/2760600.aspx 的文章。

    下載檔案

    要手動編譯新版本的核心並加入 layer7 封包過濾選項的話,需要俱備以下套件:

    • linux kernel source
    • iptables source
    • l7-filter patch
    • l7-filter protocols

    在本文當中,所重新編譯的版本如下:

    • kernel:2.6.24.4
    • iptables:1.4.0
    • l7-filter patch:2.17
    • l7-filter protocols:2008-02-20

    為了方便管理,把以上套件均放在 /usr/src/kernels。

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    root # cd /usr/src/kernels/

    可以選擇任何可下載網路檔案的工具,如 lynx、wget,或 mozilla、firefox 等等工具下載,在此範例使用 wget,方法如下:

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    root # wget ftp://ftp.tw.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2
    root # wget ftp://ftp.netfilter.org/pub/iptables/iptables-1.4.0.tar.bz2
    root # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gz
    root # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz

    將套件解壓縮。

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    root # tar -jxvf linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2; tar -zxvf l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz; tar -zxvf netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gz; tar -jxvf iptables-1.4.0.tar.bz2

    更新 kernel

    為了安裝方便,我們為 linux-2.6.24.4 這個目錄建位一個軟連結,以便切換目錄。

    更新 kernel patch,增加 layer7 filter 選項。

    0001
    
    root # ln -s linux-2.6.24.4 linux; cd linux

    若您想延續使用舊版 kernel 的選項的話,您可以把 .config 檔案複制到新 kernel 的目錄下,此時重新選擇項目時就會延用之前的設定。

    為 kernel source 上 layer7 的 patch。

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    root # patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/kernel-2.6.22-2.6.24-layer7-2.17.patch
    patching file net/netfilter/Kconfig
    patching file net/netfilter/Makefile
    patching file net/netfilter/xt_layer7.c
    patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.c
    patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.h
    patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regmagic.h
    patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regsub.c
    patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c
    patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_standalone.c
    patching file include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack.h
    patching file include/linux/netfilter/xt_layer7.h

    選擇 layer 7 相關選項

    在 kernel 選項裡,需要把相關的設定選擇起來才可以,以下為完整有關 layer 7 的項目。

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    root # make menuconfig
     General setup  --->
         [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
     Networking  --->
           Networking options  --->
               [*] Network packet filtering framework (Netfilter)  --->
                     Core Netfilter Configuration  --->
                         <M> Netfilter connection tracking support
                         -*- Connection tracking flow accounting
                         -*- Connection mark tracking support
                         [*] Connection tracking security mark support
                         [*] Connection tracking events (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> SCTP protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> UDP-Lite protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> Amanda backup protocol support
                         <M> FTP protocol support
                         <M> H.323 protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> IRC protocol support
                         <M> NetBIOS name service protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> PPtP protocol support
                         <M> SANE protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> SIP protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> TFTP protocol support
                         <M> Connection tracking netlink interface (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         {M} Netfilter Xtables support (required for ip_tables)
                         <M>   "CLASSIFY" target support
                         <M>   "CONNMARK" target support
                         <M>   "DSCP" target support
                         <M>   "MARK" target support
                         <M>   "NFQUEUE" target Support
                         <M>   "NFLOG" target support
                         <M>   "NOTRACK" target support
                         <M>   "TRACE" target support
                         <M>   "TRACE" target support
                         <M>   "SECMARK" target support
                         <M>   "CONNSECMARK" target support
                         <M>   "TCPMSS" target support
                         <M>   "comment" match support
                         <M>   "connbytes" per-connection counter match support
                         <M>   "connlimit" match support"
                         <M>   "connmark" connection mark match support
                         <M>   "conntrack" connection tracking match support
                         <M>   "DCCP" protocol match support
                         <M>   "DCCP" protocol match support
                         <M>   "DSCP" match support
                         <M>   "ESP" match support
                         <M>   "helper" match support
                         <M>   "length" match support
                         <M>   "limit" match support
                         <M>   "mac" address match support
                         <M>   "mark" match support
                         <M>   IPsec "policy" match support
                         <M>   Multiple port match support
                         <M>   "physdev" match support
                         <M>   "pkttype" packet type match support
                         <M>   "quota" match support
                         <M>   "realm" match support
                         <M>   "sctp" protocol match support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M>   "state" match support
                         <M>   "layer7" match support
                         [*]     Layer 7 debugging output
                         <M>   "statistic" match support
                         <M>   "string" match support
                         <M>   "tcpmss" match support
                         <M>   "time" match support
                         <M>   "u32" match support
                         <M>   "hashlimit" match support
                     IP: Netfilter Configuration  --->
                         <M> IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT)
                         [*]   proc/sysctl compatibility with old connection tracking (NEW
                         <M> IP Userspace queueing via NETLINK (OBSOLETE)
                         <M> IP tables support (required for filtering/masq/NAT)
                         <M>   IP range match support
                         <M>   TOS match support
                         <M>   recent match support
                         <M>   ECN match support
                         <M>   AH match support
                         <M>   TTL match support
                         <M>   Owner match support
                         <M>   address type match support
                         <M>   Packet filtering
                         <M>     REJECT target support
                         <M>   LOG target support
                         <M>   ULOG target support
                         <M>   Full NAT (NEW)
                         <M>     MASQUERADE target support
                         <M>     REDIRECT target support
                         <M>     NETMAP target support
                         <M>     SAME target support (OBSOLETE)
                         <M>     Basic SNMP-ALG support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M>   Packet mangling
                         <M>     TOS target support

    較為重要的是 "layer7" match support 項目與 IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT) 項目,若您不知道的話就請把 Core Netfilter Configuration 與 IP: Netfilter Configuration 裡的選項全部選起來即可。

    編譯並安裝新版核心

    重 kernel 2.6 開始,編譯核心就變得更為簡單,只需要幾個 make 的指令即可,安裝完後會自動修改 GRUB 的選項,不需手動修改,減少了手動修改錯誤的危險。

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    root # make
    root # make modules
    root # make modules_install
    root # make install
    sh /usr/src/kernels/linux-2.6.24.4/arch/x86/boot/install.sh 2.6.24.4 arch/x86/boot/bzImage System.map "/boot"

    更新 iptables patch

    • iptables 1.4.0 (含) 之前版本

    更新 iptables 需注意是否在現有的 kernel 中 netfilter 子系統相符合,若使用了不在 kernel 所支援的模組,在設定 iptables 會出現錯誤。以下指令可新增 laery7 模組的指令。

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    root # cd /usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0
    root # patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/iptables-1.4-for-kernel-2.6.20forward-layer7-2.17.patch
    patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.c
    patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.man
    patching file extensions/.layer7-test

    設定 KERNEL_DIR 與 IPTABLES_DIR 環境變數,並開始編譯安裝。

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    root # export KERNEL_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/linux; export IPTABLES_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0
    root # chmod +x extensions/.layer7-test
    root # make && make install
    root #
    • iptables 1.4.1.1 (含) 之後版本

    在 iptables 1.4.1.1 之後的 layer 7 模組已經不需要使用 patch 方式來修改,只要把修正檔複製到 extensions 資料夾即可。

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    root # cd iptables-1.4.2
    root # cp ../netfilter-layer7-v2.21/iptables-1.4.1.1-for-kernel-2.6.20forward/libxt_layer7.* extensions/
    root # ./configure --with-ksource=/usr/src/kernels/linux
    root # make
    root # make install

    安裝通訊定議檔

    使用 layer7 模組時,會參考 /etc/l7-protocols 目錄下的定議檔,各通訊協定的封包特徵會在 l7-protocols 的套件裡,解開之後直接安裝即可。

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    root # cd /usr/src/kernels/l7-protocols-2008-02-20
    root # make install
    mkdir -p /etc/l7-protocols
    cp -R * /etc/l7-protocols

    重新開機

    重新編譯了核心之後,需要重新啟動電腦才能套用新的核心套件,請使用 uname 指令查看是否設定成功。

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    root # uname -a; iptables -V
    Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.24.4 #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 23:21:08 CST 2008 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux
    iptables v1.4.0

     

    測試

    MSN Messenger

    以下測試會拒絕連出 MSN Menssenger 封包,在 iptables 的 OUTPUT 政策裡,我們在 X-Window 執行 GAIM 連出時,會發現 msnmessenger 的封包被 DROP。

    語法:

    iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP

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    root # iptables -A OUTPUT  -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP
    root # iptables -L -n -v
    Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 3056 packets, 394K bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
    
    Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
    
    Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1274 packets, 159K bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
       34  2584 DROP       all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           LAYER7 l7proto msnmessenger

    BitTorrent

    第二個測試拒絕連出 BitTorrent 封包,我們在設定好拒絕 bittorrent 封包後,在本機使用 BT 下載檔案均失敗,可從 iptables 指令查出。

    語法:

    iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP

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    root # iptables -A OUTPUT  -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP
    root # iptables -L -n -v
    Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 33768 packets, 33M bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
    
    Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
    
    Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 25235 packets, 2362K bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
       91  6916 DROP       all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           LAYER7 l7proto msnmessenger
       78  7920 DROP       all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           LAYER7 l7proto bittorrent

    若您把 layer7 安裝在網路閘道 (Gateway) 上的話,那麼請使用 PREROUTING 或 FORWARD 連線才會有效。iptables 可參考 iptables 封包過瀘規則 (new window)

    後記:

    若您打算在您的防火牆上使用 layer7 封包過濾功能的話,那麼所需的記憶體與 CPU 會更多,若您的使用者連線數同一時間超過百人,並且頻繁的取存網路的話,那麼可能需要考慮使用較高效能的網路卡與更多的記憶體。若您在啟用 layer7 功能後發現網路變得很慢的話,那麼就需要檢查您的網卡與記憶體是否足夠。

    Last modified: 02/06/2009

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/1327/p/1515004.html
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