• iOS中的单例


    单例模式怎么定义的,可能在不同的语言,不同的书中不完全一样,但是概况开来都应该是:一个类有且仅有一个实例,并且自行实例化向整个系统提供。

    因此,首先你可能需要确定你是真的需要一个单例类,还是说仅仅是需要一个方便调用的实例化方法。如果你是真的需要一个单例类,那么你就应该确保这个单例类,有且仅有一个实例(不管怎么操作都只能获取到这个实例)。

    最近看到一些github上的单例使用,别人的用法,有一些思考,然后写demo测试了下,就这个简单的单例也有一些坑呢,希望能给他人一些提醒。

    Objective-C中的单例

    我们通常在OC中实现一个单例方法都是这样:

    static HLTestObject *instance = nil;
    + (instancetype)sharedInstance
    {
        static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
        dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
            instance = [[[self class] alloc] init];
        });
        return instance;
    }

    可是这样就可以了么?我做了如下测试:

    HLTestObject *objct1 = [HLTestObject sharedInstance];
    NSLog(@"%@",objct1);
    HLTestObject *objc2 = [[HLTestObject alloc] init];
    NSLog(@"%@",objc2);
    HLTestObject *objc3 = [HLTestObject new];
    NSLog(@"%@",objc3);

    看到这个测试,你想到打印结果了么?结果是这样的:

    2016-05-23 12:52:57.095 PractiseProject[3579:81998] 
    
      
      
       
       
     
    2016-05-23 12:52:57.095 PractiseProject[3579:81998] 
     
       
       
         2016-05-23 12:52:57.095 PractiseProject[3579:81998] 
         
       
    
      
      

    很明显,通过三种方式创建出来的是不同的实例对象,这就违背了单例类有且仅有一个实例的定义。

    为了防止别人不小心利用alloc/init方式创建示例,也为了防止别人故意为之,我们要保证不管用什么方式创建都只能是同一个实例对象,这就得重写另一个方法,实现如下:

    + (instancetype)allocWithZone:(struct _NSZone *)zone
    {
        static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
        dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
            instance = [super allocWithZone:zone];
        });
        return instance;
    }

    再次用上面的测试代码,结果是这样的:

    2016-05-23 12:57:37.396 PractiseProject[3618:83975] 
    
      
      
       
       
     
    2016-05-23 12:57:37.396 PractiseProject[3618:83975] 
     
       
       
         2016-05-23 12:57:37.396 PractiseProject[3618:83975] 
         
       
    
      
      

    好像用不同的构造方法,获取的都是同一个对象,你以为这样就完了?还早着呢!

    一般我们的类里肯定都会有一些属性,然后我就添加了两个property:

    @property (assign, nonatomic)   int  height;
    @property (strong, nonatomic)   NSObject  *object;
    @property (strong, nonatomic)   NSMutableArray  *arrayM;

    而一些对象类的初始化,或者基础类型的默认值设置都是在init方法里,就像这样:

    - (instancetype)init
    {
        self = [super init];
        if (self) {
            _height = 10;
            _object = [[NSObject alloc] init];
            _arrayM = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
        }
        return self;
    }

    我重写了HLTestObject类的description方法:

    - (NSString *)description
    {
        NSString *result = @"";
        result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@"<%@: %p>",[self class], self];
        result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" height = %d,",self.height];
        result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" arrayM = %p,",self.arrayM];
        result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" object = %p,",self.object];
        return result;
    }

    还是用上面的测试代码,测试结果是这样的:

    2016-05-23 13:14:43.684 PractiseProject[3781:92758] 
    
      
      
       
       
      height = 20, arrayM = 0x7f8a5b422940, object = 0x7f8a5b4544e0,
    2016-05-23 13:14:43.684 PractiseProject[3781:92758] 
     
       
       
         height = 10, arrayM = 0x7f8a5b4552e0, object = 0x7f8a5b45a710, 2016-05-23 13:14:43.684 PractiseProject[3781:92758] 
        
          height = 10, arrayM = 0x7f8a5b459770, object = 0x7f8a5b4544e0, 
         
       
    
      
      

    可以看到,尽管使用的是同一个示例,可是他们的property值却不一样。

    因为尽管没有为示例重新分配内存空间,但是因为又执行了init方法,会导致property被重新初始化。

    所以我们需要修改单例的实现。

    第一种:

    可以将property的初始化或者默认值设置放到dispatch_once 的block内部:

    static HLTestObject *instance = nil;
    + (instancetype)sharedInstance
    {
        static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
        dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
            instance = [[[self class] alloc] init];
            instance.height = 10;
            instance.object = [[NSObject alloc] init];
            instance.arrayM = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
        });
        return instance;
    }
    + (instancetype)allocWithZone:(struct _NSZone *)zone
    {
        static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
        dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
            instance = [super allocWithZone:zone];
        });
        return instance;
    }
    - (NSString *)description
    {
        NSString *result = @"";
        result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@"<%@: %p>",[self class], self];
        result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" height = %d,",self.height];
        result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" arrayM = %p,",self.arrayM];
        result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" object = %p,",self.object];
        return result;
    }

    来看看测试结果:

    2016-05-23 13:29:14.856 PractiseProject[3909:99058] 
    
      
      
       
       
      height = 20, arrayM = 0x7fa722716c10, object = 0x7fa7227140e0,
    2016-05-23 13:29:14.856 PractiseProject[3909:99058] 
     
       
       
         height = 20, arrayM = 0x7fa722716c10, object = 0x7fa7227140e0, 2016-05-23 13:29:14.856 PractiseProject[3909:99058] 
        
          height = 20, arrayM = 0x7fa722716c10, object = 0x7fa7227140e0, 
         
       
    
      
      

    第二种:

    static HLTestObject *instance = nil;
    + (instancetype)sharedInstance
    {
        return [[self alloc] init];
    }
    - (instancetype)init
    {
        static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
        dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
            instance = [super init];
            instance.height = 10;
            instance.object = [[NSObject alloc] init];
            instance.arrayM = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
        });
        return instance;
    }
    + (instancetype)allocWithZone:(struct _NSZone *)zone
    {
        static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
        dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
            instance = [super allocWithZone:zone];
        });
        return instance;
    }
    - (NSString *)description
    {
        NSString *result = @"";
        result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@"<%@: %p>",[self class], self];
        result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" height = %d,",self.height];
        result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" arrayM = %p,",self.arrayM];
        result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" object = %p,",self.object];
        return result;
    }

    测试结果:

    2016-05-23 13:31:44.824 PractiseProject[3939:100662] 
    
      
      
       
       
      height = 20, arrayM = 0x7fa9da707ca0, object = 0x7fa9da70a940,
    2016-05-23 13:31:44.825 PractiseProject[3939:100662] 
     
       
       
         height = 20, arrayM = 0x7fa9da707ca0, object = 0x7fa9da70a940, 2016-05-23 13:31:44.825 PractiseProject[3939:100662] 
        
          height = 20, arrayM = 0x7fa9da707ca0, object = 0x7fa9da70a940, 
         
       
    
      
      

    注意:

    以上代码均是使用ARC的方式管理内存,如果你还在使用MRC(这也太不与时俱进了)。那你还需要重写 retain 和release方法,防止示例引用计数的改变。

    Swift中的单例

    利用Swift中的一些特性,Swift中的单例可以超级简单,like this:

    class HLTestObject: NSObject {
        static let sharedInstance = HLTestObject();
    }

    可是这样就完了么?同样写一段测试代码:

    let object1 = HLTestObject.sharedInstance;
    print(object1);
    let object2 = HLTestObject();
    print(object2);

    打印结果却是这样的:

    所以,我们必须禁用到构造方法:

    class HLTestObject: NSObject {
        static let sharedInstance = HLTestObject();
        private override init() {
        }
    }

    如果有实例属性需要初始化,就可以这样:

    class HLTestObject: NSObject {
        var height = 10;
        var arrayM: NSMutableArray
        var object: NSObject
        static let sharedInstance = HLTestObject();
        private override init() {
            object = NSObject()
            arrayM = NSMutableArray()
            super.init()
        }
    }

    当然,由于Swift的特性,在Swift中创建单例的方式也不止一种,需要注意的是要确保该类有且仅有一个实例就OK了。

    Have Fun!

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/-ios/p/6225305.html
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