• 【Linux常用命令】 ls


    ls == list,根据不同的选项,列举指定目录或文件的相关信息,是Unix/Linux下最常用的命令之一,cd到某一目录下后执行的第一个命令。

    ls命令格式:ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

    列举文件信息(默认为当前目录)。

    ls

    无参数:显示当前目录下的文件和目录(隐藏文件除外)。
    Folder: 显示Folder目录中的文件和子目录。
    File:显示File文件信息(默认为文件名)。
    1 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls
    2 Desktop regex src.tar time_test.c vimcdoc-1.7.0 VMwareTools
    3 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls /usr
    4 bin games kerberos libexec sbin src X11R6
    5 etc include lib local share tmp
    6 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls time_test.c
    7 time_test.c

     ls -a

    -a选项同ls,但会列举当前目录或者指定目录下的所有文件,包括dot文件(.开头的文件)和.目录和..目录。

    1 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls -a /usr
    2 . bin games kerberos libexec sbin src X11R6
    3 .. etc include lib local share tmp

    ls -A

    -A选项同ls,但会列举当前目录或者指定目录下的所有文件,包括dot文件(.开头的文件),但不包括.目录和..目录。

    1 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls -A /usr
    2 bin games kerberos libexec sbin src X11R6
    3 etc include lib local share tmp

    ls -l

    -l选项的ls命令将列举当前目录或指定目录中文件或者子目录的详析信息。

    1 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls -l
    2 total 48
    3 drwxr-xr-x 3 loong loong 4096 Mar 27 21:12 Desktop
    4 drwxrwxr-x 2 loong loong 4096 Jan 13 16:01 regex
    5 drwxrwxr-x 6 loong loong 4096 Feb 15 10:57 src.tar
    6 -rw-rw-r-- 1 loong loong 153 Mar 27 19:47 time_test.c
    7 drwxrwxrwx 3 loong loong 4096 Mar 27 19:29 vimcdoc-1.7.0
    8 drwxrwxr-x 3 loong loong 4096 Jan 10 00:18 VMwareTools

    ls -l列举的信息包含7个以Tab的域:

    • 第一个域:第一个字符指明了文件类型
      • -: 普通文件;
      • d: 目录文件;
      • l: 符号链接;
      • s: socket文件;
      • b: 块设备;
      • c: 字符设备;
      • p: 管道文件。

      后面的9个字符指明了文件的访问权限:每三位指明一类用户的权限,分别是文件属主、同组用户、其它用户,权限分为读(r)、写(w)、执行(x)。

    • 第二个域:链接数。普通文件至少为1,目录至少为2(.和..);
    • 第三域:文件属主;
    • 第四域:用户组;
    • 第五域:文件大小,其中目录大小通常为块大小的整数倍;
    • 第六域:文件的最近修改日期和时间,修改文件意味着对其内文件或子目录的增添和修改;
    • 第七域:文件名

    ls -t

    按文件的修改时间列举文件,最近修改的在前。

    1 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls
    2 Desktop regex src.tar time_test.c vimcdoc-1.7.0 VMwareTools
    3 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls -t
    4 Desktop time_test.c vimcdoc-1.7.0 src.tar regex VMwareTools

    ls -r

    以相反顺序列举文件。

    1 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls
    2 Desktop regex src.tar time_test.c vimcdoc-1.7.0 VMwareTools
    3 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls -r
    4 VMwareTools vimcdoc-1.7.0 time_test.c src.tar regex Desktop

    ls -1

    单独行列举文件。

    1 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls
    2 Desktop regex src.tar time_test.c vimcdoc-1.7.0 VMwareTools
    3 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls -1
    4 Desktop
    5 regex
    6 src.tar
    7 time_test.c
    8 vimcdoc-1.7.0
    9 VMwareTools

    ls -F

    可视化显示文件类型。

    1 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls
    2 Desktop regex src.tar time_test.c vimcdoc-1.7.0 VMwareTools
    3 [loong@localhost ~]$ ls -F
    4 Desktop/ regex/ src.tar/ time_test.c vimcdoc-1.7.0/ VMwareTools/
    • / : 目录
    • nothing : 普通文件.
    • @ :符号链接文件
    • * :可执行文件

    ls -latr

    组合选项,即是说,各个选项可以结合使用,除了互相排斥的选项,例如-a和-A。
    1 [loong@localhost Desktop]$ ls
    2 VMwareTools-8.1.4-227600.tar.gz vmware-tools-distrib
    3 [loong@localhost Desktop]$ ls -latr
    4 total 94984
    5 drwxr-xr-x 7 loong loong 4096 Jan 23 2010 vmware-tools-distrib
    6 -r--r--r-- 1 loong loong 97129687 Jan 23 2010 VMwareTools-8.1.4-227600.tar.gz
    7 drwxr-xr-x 3 loong loong 4096 Mar 27 21:12 .
    8 drwx------ 28 loong loong 4096 Mar 27 21:34 ..

    使用alias

    使用alias会更加方便,我系统当前帐号中定义的alias有:

     1 [loong@localhost Desktop]$ alias
    2 alias l.='ls -d .* --color=tty'
    3 alias ll='ls -l --color=tty'
    4 alias ls='ls --color=tty'
    5 alias vi='vim'
    6 alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'
    7 [loong@localhost Desktop]$ l.
    8 . ..
    9 [loong@localhost Desktop]$ ll
    10 total 94968
    11 -r--r--r-- 1 loong loong 97129687 Jan 23 2010 VMwareTools-8.1.4-227600.tar.gz
    12 drwxr-xr-x 7 loong loong 4096 Jan 23 2010 vmware-tools-distrib

    ps:前3个alias定义在/etc/profile.d/目录下的colorls.csh和colorls.sh中,具体是哪个就不清楚了。

    系统信息:

    1 [loong@localhost /]$ cat /etc/redhat-release 
    2 CentOS release 5.7 (Final)
    3 [loong@localhost /]$ uname -a
    4 Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.18-274.18.1.el5 #1 SMP Thu Feb 9 12:45:52 EST 2012 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux

    以上参考:http://www.dutor.net/index.php/2010/06/cmd-ls/

    模糊列举: 其中,*代表任意个字符(包括0个),?代表一个字符。

    ls /etc/a*e

    列出/etc/目录下以字母a开头且以字母e结尾的目录和文件。

    1 [loong@localhost /]$ ls /etc/a*e
    2 /etc/adjtime /etc/asound.state

    ls /bin/l?

    列出/bin/目录下以字母b开头的目录和文件,且目录名或文件名的长度为2.

    1 [loong@localhost /]$ ls /bin/l?
    2 /bin/ln /bin/ls


    ls |more

    当要显示的文件数太多(如/usr/bin/下的文件),这是一页屏不能显示,如果直接运行“ls /usr/bin”,则不能看见最前面的文件。这时用到通道“|more”,来显示多页屏输出(按空格显示下一页,回车显示下一行)。

     1 [loong@localhost /]$ ls /usr/bin |more
    2 [
    3 411toppm
    4 a2p
    5 a2ps
    6 ab
    7 ac
    8 aconnect
    9 acpi_listen
    10 activation-client
    11 addftinfo
    12 addr2line
    13 addresses
    14 afs5log
    15 alacarte
    16 alsamixer
    17 amidi
    18 amixer
    19 amtu
    20 amuFormat.sh
    21 animate
    22 anytopnm
    23 aplay
    24 aplaymidi
    25 --More--

    【注】此用法类似与windows下的cmd命令“dir /p”。


    最后,附上ls的英文manual(Linux的man命令)。

    man ls
      1 LS(1)                            User Commands                           LS(1)
    2
    3 NAME
    4 ls - list directory contents
    5
    6 SYNOPSIS
    7 ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
    8
    9 DESCRIPTION
    10 List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if
    11 none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
    12
    13 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
    14
    15 -a, --all
    16 do not ignore entries starting with .
    17
    18 -A, --almost-all
    19 do not list implied . and ..
    20
    21 --author
    22 with -l, print the author of each file
    23
    24 -b, --escape
    25 print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
    26
    27 --block-size=SIZE
    28 use SIZE-byte blocks
    29
    30 -B, --ignore-backups
    31 do not list implied entries ending with ~
    32
    33 -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with
    34 -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime
    35
    36 -C list entries by columns
    37
    38 --color[=WHEN]
    39 control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be ¡®never¡¯, ¡®always¡¯, or
    40 ¡®auto¡¯
    41
    42 -d, --directory
    43 list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links
    44
    45 -D, --dired
    46 generate output designed for Emacs¡¯ dired mode
    47
    48 -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst
    49
    50 -F, --classify
    51 append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
    52
    53 --file-type
    54 likewise, except do not append ¡®*¡¯
    55
    56 --format=WORD
    57 across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
    58
    59 --full-time
    60 like -l --time-style=full-iso
    61
    62 -g like -l, but do not list owner
    63
    64 -G, --no-group
    65 like -l, but do not list group
    66
    67 -h, --human-readable
    68 with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
    69
    70 --si likewise, but use powers
    71
    72 -H, --dereference-command-line
    73 follow symbolic links listed on the command line
    74
    75 --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
    76 follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory
    77
    78 --hide=PATTERN
    79 do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A)
    80
    81 --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
    82 none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
    83
    84 -i, --inode
    85 with -l, print the index number of each file
    86
    87 -I, --ignore=PATTERN
    88 do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
    89
    90 -k like --block-size=1K
    91
    92 -l use a long listing format
    93
    94 -L, --dereference
    95 when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link refer-
    96 ences rather than for the link itself
    97
    98 -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
    99
    100 -n, --numeric-uid-gid
    101 like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
    102
    103 -N, --literal
    104 print raw entry names (don¡¯t treat e.g. control characters specially)
    105
    106 -o like -l, but do not list group information
    107
    108 -p, --indicator-style=slash
    109 append / indicator to directories
    110
    111 -q, --hide-control-chars
    112 print ? instead of non graphic characters
    113
    114 --show-control-chars
    115 show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is ¡®ls¡¯ and output is a terminal)
    116
    117 -Q, --quote-name
    118 enclose entry names in double quotes
    119
    120 --quoting-style=WORD
    121 use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
    122
    123 -r, --reverse
    124 reverse order while sorting
    125
    126 -R, --recursive
    127 list subdirectories recursively
    128
    129 -s, --size
    130 with -l, print size of each file, in blocks
    131
    132 -S sort by file size
    133
    134 --sort=WORD
    135 extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t, version -v, status -c, time -t, atime -u, access -u, use
    136 -u
    137
    138 --time=WORD
    139 with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status; use
    140 specified time as sort key if --sort=times
    141
    142
    143 --time-style=STYLE
    144 with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is
    145 interpreted like ‘date’; if FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent
    146 files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with ‘posix-’, STYLE takes effect only
    147 outside the POSIX locale
    148
    149 -t sort by modification time
    150
    151 -T, --tabsize=COLS
    152 assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
    153
    154 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise:
    155 sort by access time
    156
    157 -U do not sort; list entries in directory order. In combination with one_per_line format ‘-1’, it
    158 will show files immediately and it has no memory limitations.
    159
    160 -v sort by version
    161
    162 -w, --width=COLS
    163 assume screen width instead of current value
    164
    165 -x list entries by lines instead of by columns
    166
    167 -X sort alphabetically by entry extension
    168
    169 -1 list one file per line
    170
    171 SELinux options:
    172
    173 --lcontext
    174 Display security context. Enable -l. Lines will probably be too wide for most displays.
    175
    176 -Z, --context
    177 Display security context so it fits on most displays. Displays only mode, user, group, security
    178 context and file name.
    179
    180 --scontext
    181 Display only security context and file name.
    182
    183 --help display this help and exit
    184
    185 --version
    186 output version information and exit
    187
    188 SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: kB 1000, K 1024, MB
    189 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
    190
    191 By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using --color=none.
    192 Using the --color option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With
    193 --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty). The
    194 environment variable LS_COLORS can influence the colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command.
    195
    196 Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.
    197
    198 AUTHOR
    199 Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie.
    200
    201 REPORTING BUGS
    202 Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
    203
    204 COPYRIGHT
    205 Copyright © 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    206 This is free software. You may redistribute copies of it under the terms of the GNU General Public
    207 License <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
    208
    209 SEE ALSO
    210 The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and ls programs are prop-
    211 erly installed at your site, the command
    212
    213 info ls
    214
    215 should give you access to the complete manual.
    216
    217 ls 5.97 July 2011 LS(1)
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xlmeng1988/p/ls.html
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