代理模式
为其他对象提供一个代理以控制对某个对象的访问。代理类主要负责为委托了(真实对象)预处理消息、过滤消息、传递消息给委托类,代理类不现实具体服务,而是利用委托类来完成服务,并将执行结果封装处理。
静态代理
创建一个接口,然后创建被代理的类实现该接口并且实现该接口中的抽象方法。之后再创建一个代理类,同时使其也实现这个接口。在代理类中持有一个被代理对象的引用,而后在代理类方法中调用该对象的方法。
接口:
public interface HelloInterface { void sayHello(); }
被代理类:
public class Hello implements HelloInterface{ @Override public void sayHello() { System.out.println("Hello zhanghao!"); } }
代理类:
public class HelloProxy implements HelloInterface{ private HelloInterface helloInterface = new Hello(); @Override public void sayHello() { System.out.println("Before invoke sayHello" ); helloInterface.sayHello(); System.out.println("After invoke sayHello"); } }
代理类调用:
被代理类被传递给了代理类HelloProxy,代理类在执行具体方法时通过所持用的被代理类完成调用。
public static void main(String[] args) { HelloProxy helloProxy = new HelloProxy(); helloProxy.sayHello(); } 输出: Before invoke sayHello Hello zhanghao! After invoke sayHello
使用静态代理很容易就完成了对一个类的代理操作。但是静态代理的缺点也暴露了出来:由于代理只能为一个类服务,如果需要代理的类很多,那么就需要编写大量的代理类,比较繁琐。
动态代理
利用反射机制在运行时创建代理类。
接口、被代理类不变,我们构建一个handler类来实现InvocationHandler接口。
public class ProxyHandler implements InvocationHandler{ private Object object; public ProxyHandler(Object object){ this.object = object; } @Override public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable { System.out.println("Before invoke " + method.getName()); method.invoke(object, args); System.out.println("After invoke " + method.getName()); return null; } }
执行动态代理:
public static void main(String[] args) { System.getProperties().setProperty("sun.misc.ProxyGenerator.saveGeneratedFiles", "true"); HelloInterface hello = new Hello(); InvocationHandler handler = new ProxyHandler(hello); HelloInterface proxyHello = (HelloInterface) Proxy.newProxyInstance(hello.getClass().getClassLoader(), hello.getClass().getInterfaces(), handler); proxyHello.sayHello(); } 输出: Before invoke sayHello Hello zhanghao! After invoke sayHello
通过Proxy类的静态方法newProxyInstance返回一个接口的代理实例。针对不同的代理类,传入相应的代理程序控制器InvocationHandler。
如果新来一个被代理类Bye,如:
public interface ByeInterface { void sayBye(); } public class Bye implements ByeInterface { @Override public void sayBye() { System.out.println("Bye zhanghao!"); } }
那么执行过程:
public static void main(String[] args) { System.getProperties().setProperty("sun.misc.ProxyGenerator.saveGeneratedFiles", "true"); HelloInterface hello = new Hello(); ByeInterface bye = new Bye(); InvocationHandler handler = new ProxyHandler(hello); InvocationHandler handler1 = new ProxyHandler(bye); HelloInterface proxyHello = (HelloInterface) Proxy.newProxyInstance(hello.getClass().getClassLoader(), hello.getClass().getInterfaces(), handler); ByeInterface proxyBye = (ByeInterface) Proxy.newProxyInstance(bye.getClass().getClassLoader(), bye.getClass().getInterfaces(), handler1); proxyHello.sayHello(); proxyBye.sayBye(); } 输出: Before invoke sayHello Hello zhanghao! After invoke sayHello Before invoke sayBye Bye zhanghao! After invoke sayBye
动态代理底层实现
动态代理具体步骤:
- 通过实现 InvocationHandler 接口创建自己的调用处理器;
- 通过为 Proxy 类指定 ClassLoader 对象和一组 interface 来创建动态代理类;
- 通过反射机制获得动态代理类的构造函数,其唯一参数类型是调用处理器接口类型;
- 通过构造函数创建动态代理类实例,构造时调用处理器对象作为参数被传入。
public static Object newProxyInstance(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>[] interfaces, InvocationHandler h) throws IllegalArgumentException { Objects.requireNonNull(h); final Class<?>[] intfs = interfaces.clone(); final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager(); if (sm != null) { checkProxyAccess(Reflection.getCallerClass(), loader, intfs); } //生成代理类对象 Class<?> cl = getProxyClass0(loader, intfs); //使用指定的调用处理程序获取代理类的构造函数对象 try { if (sm != null) { checkNewProxyPermission(Reflection.getCallerClass(), cl); } final Constructor<?> cons = cl.getConstructor(constructorParams); final InvocationHandler ih = h; //如果Class作用域为私有,通过 setAccessible 支持访问 if (!Modifier.isPublic(cl.getModifiers())) { AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() { public Void run() { cons.setAccessible(true); return null; } }); } //获取Proxy Class构造函数,创建Proxy代理实例。 return cons.newInstance(new Object[]{h}); } catch (IllegalAccessException|InstantiationException e) { throw new InternalError(e.toString(), e); } catch (InvocationTargetException e) { Throwable t = e.getCause(); if (t instanceof RuntimeException) { throw (RuntimeException) t; } else { throw new InternalError(t.toString(), t); } } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) { throw new InternalError(e.toString(), e); } }
利用getProxyClass0(loader, intfs)生成代理类Proxy的Class对象。
private static Class<?> getProxyClass0(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>... interfaces) { //如果接口数量大于65535,抛出非法参数错误 if (interfaces.length > 65535) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("interface limit exceeded"); } //如果指定接口的代理类已经存在与缓存中,则不用新创建,直接从缓存中取即可; //如果缓存中没有指定代理对象,则通过ProxyClassFactory来创建一个代理对象。 return proxyClassCache.get(loader, interfaces); }
ProxyClassFactory内部类创建、定义代理类,返回给定ClassLoader 和interfaces的代理类。
private static final class ProxyClassFactory implements BiFunction<ClassLoader, Class<?>[], Class<?>>{ // 代理类的名字的前缀统一为“$Proxy” private static final String proxyClassNamePrefix = "$Proxy"; // 每个代理类前缀后面都会跟着一个唯一的编号,如$Proxy0、$Proxy1、$Proxy2 private static final AtomicLong nextUniqueNumber = new AtomicLong(); @Override public Class<?> apply(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>[] interfaces) { Map<Class<?>, Boolean> interfaceSet = new IdentityHashMap<>(interfaces.length); for (Class<?> intf : interfaces) { //验证类加载器加载接口得到对象是否与由apply函数参数传入的对象相同 Class<?> interfaceClass = null; try { interfaceClass = Class.forName(intf.getName(), false, loader); } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { } if (interfaceClass != intf) { throw new IllegalArgumentException( intf + " is not visible from class loader"); } //验证这个Class对象是不是接口 if (!interfaceClass.isInterface()) { throw new IllegalArgumentException( interfaceClass.getName() + " is not an interface"); } if (interfaceSet.put(interfaceClass, Boolean.TRUE) != null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException( "repeated interface: " + interfaceClass.getName()); } } String proxyPkg = null; // package to define proxy class in int accessFlags = Modifier.PUBLIC | Modifier.FINAL; /* * Record the package of a non-public proxy interface so that the * proxy class will be defined in the same package. Verify that * all non-public proxy interfaces are in the same package. */ for (Class<?> intf : interfaces) { int flags = intf.getModifiers(); if (!Modifier.isPublic(flags)) { accessFlags = Modifier.FINAL; String name = intf.getName(); int n = name.lastIndexOf('.'); String pkg = ((n == -1) ? "" : name.substring(0, n + 1)); if (proxyPkg == null) { proxyPkg = pkg; } else if (!pkg.equals(proxyPkg)) { throw new IllegalArgumentException( "non-public interfaces from different packages"); } } } if (proxyPkg == null) { // if no non-public proxy interfaces, use com.sun.proxy package proxyPkg = ReflectUtil.PROXY_PACKAGE + "."; } /* * Choose a name for the proxy class to generate. */ long num = nextUniqueNumber.getAndIncrement(); String proxyName = proxyPkg + proxyClassNamePrefix + num; /* * * 生成指定代理类的字节码文件 */ byte[] proxyClassFile = ProxyGenerator.generateProxyClass( proxyName, interfaces, accessFlags); try { return defineClass0(loader, proxyName, proxyClassFile, 0, proxyClassFile.length); } catch (ClassFormatError e) { /* * A ClassFormatError here means that (barring bugs in the * proxy class generation code) there was some other * invalid aspect of the arguments supplied to the proxy * class creation (such as virtual machine limitations * exceeded). */ throw new IllegalArgumentException(e.toString()); } } }
一系列检查后,调用ProxyGenerator.generateProxyClass来生成字节码文件。
public static byte[] generateProxyClass(final String var0, Class<?>[] var1, int var2) { ProxyGenerator var3 = new ProxyGenerator(var0, var1, var2); // 真正用来生成代理类字节码文件的方法在这里 final byte[] var4 = var3.generateClassFile(); // 保存代理类的字节码文件 if(saveGeneratedFiles) { AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() { public Void run() { try { int var1 = var0.lastIndexOf(46); Path var2; if(var1 > 0) { Path var3 = Paths.get(var0.substring(0, var1).replace('.', File.separatorChar), new String[0]); Files.createDirectories(var3, new FileAttribute[0]); var2 = var3.resolve(var0.substring(var1 + 1, var0.length()) + ".class"); } else { var2 = Paths.get(var0 + ".class", new String[0]); } Files.write(var2, var4, new OpenOption[0]); return null; } catch (IOException var4x) { throw new InternalError("I/O exception saving generated file: " + var4x); } } }); } return var4; }
生成代理类字节码文件的generateClassFile方法:
private byte[] generateClassFile() { //下面一系列的addProxyMethod方法是将接口中的方法和Object中的方法添加到代理方法中(proxyMethod) this.addProxyMethod(hashCodeMethod, Object.class); this.addProxyMethod(equalsMethod, Object.class); this.addProxyMethod(toStringMethod, Object.class); Class[] var1 = this.interfaces; int var2 = var1.length; int var3; Class var4; //获得接口中所有方法并添加到代理方法中 for(var3 = 0; var3 < var2; ++var3) { var4 = var1[var3]; Method[] var5 = var4.getMethods(); int var6 = var5.length; for(int var7 = 0; var7 < var6; ++var7) { Method var8 = var5[var7]; this.addProxyMethod(var8, var4); } } Iterator var11 = this.proxyMethods.values().iterator(); List var12; while(var11.hasNext()) { var12 = (List)var11.next(); checkReturnTypes(var12); } Iterator var15; try { //生成代理类的构造函数 this.methods.add(this.generateConstructor()); var11 = this.proxyMethods.values().iterator(); while(var11.hasNext()) { var12 = (List)var11.next(); var15 = var12.iterator(); while(var15.hasNext()) { ProxyGenerator.ProxyMethod var16 = (ProxyGenerator.ProxyMethod)var15.next(); this.fields.add(new ProxyGenerator.FieldInfo(var16.methodFieldName, "Ljava/lang/reflect/Method;", 10)); this.methods.add(var16.generateMethod()); } } this.methods.add(this.generateStaticInitializer()); } catch (IOException var10) { throw new InternalError("unexpected I/O Exception", var10); } if(this.methods.size() > 'uffff') { throw new IllegalArgumentException("method limit exceeded"); } else if(this.fields.size() > 'uffff') { throw new IllegalArgumentException("field limit exceeded"); } else { this.cp.getClass(dotToSlash(this.className)); this.cp.getClass("java/lang/reflect/Proxy"); var1 = this.interfaces; var2 = var1.length; for(var3 = 0; var3 < var2; ++var3) { var4 = var1[var3]; this.cp.getClass(dotToSlash(var4.getName())); } this.cp.setReadOnly(); ByteArrayOutputStream var13 = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); DataOutputStream var14 = new DataOutputStream(var13); try { var14.writeInt(-889275714); var14.writeShort(0); var14.writeShort(49); this.cp.write(var14); var14.writeShort(this.accessFlags); var14.writeShort(this.cp.getClass(dotToSlash(this.className))); var14.writeShort(this.cp.getClass("java/lang/reflect/Proxy")); var14.writeShort(this.interfaces.length); Class[] var17 = this.interfaces; int var18 = var17.length; for(int var19 = 0; var19 < var18; ++var19) { Class var22 = var17[var19]; var14.writeShort(this.cp.getClass(dotToSlash(var22.getName()))); } var14.writeShort(this.fields.size()); var15 = this.fields.iterator(); while(var15.hasNext()) { ProxyGenerator.FieldInfo var20 = (ProxyGenerator.FieldInfo)var15.next(); var20.write(var14); } var14.writeShort(this.methods.size()); var15 = this.methods.iterator(); while(var15.hasNext()) { ProxyGenerator.MethodInfo var21 = (ProxyGenerator.MethodInfo)var15.next(); var21.write(var14); } var14.writeShort(0); return var13.toByteArray(); } catch (IOException var9) { throw new InternalError("unexpected I/O Exception", var9); } } }
字节码生成后,调用defineClass0来解析字节码,生成了Proxy的Class对象。在了解完代理类动态生成过程后,生成的代理类是怎样的,谁来执行这个代理类。
其中,在ProxyGenerator.generateProxyClass函数中 saveGeneratedFiles定义如下,其指代是否保存生成的代理类class文件,默认false不保存。
在前面的示例中,我们修改了此系统变量:
System.getProperties().setProperty("sun.misc.ProxyGenerator.saveGeneratedFiles", "true");
如图,生成了两个名为 Proxy1.class的class文件。
动态代理流程图: