权限组件
1.权限简介
只有超级用户才能访问指定的数据,普通用户不能访问,所以就要有权限组件对其进行限制。
2.局部使用
# 写一个权限类 from rest_framework.permissions omport BasePermission class MyPermission(BasePermission): message = '' def has_permission(self, request, view): user_type = request.user.user_type if user_type == 1 or user_type == 2: return True else: self.message = '你不是VIP或超级会员,不能查看' return False
视图类中:
from rest_framework.views import APIView from app01.MySerializers import * class BooksView(APIView): # 局部使用,在视图类中加入: permission_classes = [MyPermission,] def get(self, request): user = request.user book_list = models.Book.objects.all() book_ser = BookSerialzers(instance=book_list, many=True) return Response(book_ser.data)
3.全局使用
REST_FRAMEWORK={ "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["app01.my_auth.MyPermission",] }
局部禁用:
在视图类中:
permission_classes = []
4.源码分析
# 执行APIView中的dispatch方法--->执行self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)方法
--->执行self.check_permissions(request)方法
--->在权限类中重写def has_permission(self, request, view)方法,其中自己写权限认证的逻辑
def check_permissions(self, request): for permission in self.get_permissions(): if not permission.has_permission(request, self): self.permission_denied( request, message=getattr(permission, 'message', None) )
self.get_permissions()
def get_permissions(self): return [permission() for permission in self.permission_classes]
频率组件
1.频率简介
为了控制用户对某个url请求的频率,比如:一分钟以内,只能访问三次
2.自定义频率类(自定义规则)
自定义逻辑:
#(1)取出访问者ip # (2)判断当前ip不在访问字典里,添加进去,并且直接返回True,表示第一次访问,在字典里,继续往下走 # (3)循环判断当前ip的列表,有值,并且当前时间减去列表的最后一个时间大于60s,把这种数据pop掉,这样列表中只有60s以内的访问时间, # (4)判断,当列表小于3,说明一分钟以内访问不足三次,把当前时间插入到列表第一个位置,返回True,顺利通过 # (5)当大于等于3,说明一分钟内访问超过三次,返回False验证失败
代码验证:
写一个类继承BaseThrottle,重写def allow_request(self, request, view)方法:
class MyThrottles(): VISIT_RECORD = {} def __init__(self): self.history=None def allow_request(self,request, view): #(1)取出访问者ip # print(request.META) ip=request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR') import time ctime=time.time() # (2)判断当前ip不在访问字典里,添加进去,并且直接返回True,表示第一次访问 if ip not in self.VISIT_RECORD: self.VISIT_RECORD[ip]=[ctime,] return True self.history=self.VISIT_RECORD.get(ip) # (3)循环判断当前ip的列表,有值,并且当前时间减去列表的最后一个时间大于60s,把这种数据pop掉,这样列表中只有60s以内的访问时间, while self.history and ctime-self.history[-1]>60: self.history.pop() # (4)判断,当列表小于3,说明一分钟以内访问不足三次,把当前时间插入到列表第一个位置,返回True,顺利通过 # (5)当大于等于3,说明一分钟内访问超过三次,返回False验证失败 if len(self.history)<3: self.history.insert(0,ctime) return True else: return False def wait(self): import time ctime=time.time() return 60-(ctime-self.history[-1])
3.内置频率类及局部使用
写一个类继承SimpleRateThrottle, (根据ip限制),重写get_cache_key(self, request, view)方法:
class MyThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle): scope = 'my_throttle' def get_cache_key(self, request, view): return self.get_ident(request) # 自定义频率限制的规则参数
在settings.py文件中配置:
REST_FRAMEWORK = { 'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': { 'my_throttle': '10/m' } }
视图类中:
throttle_classes = [MyThrottle, ]
错误信息的中文提示:
class Course(APIView): authentication_classes = [TokenAuth, ] permission_classes = [UserPermission, ] throttle_classes = [MyThrottles,] def get(self, request): return HttpResponse('get') def post(self, request): return HttpResponse('post') def throttled(self, request, wait): from rest_framework.exceptions import Throttled class MyThrottled(Throttled): default_detail = '傻逼啊' extra_detail_singular = '还有 {wait} second.' extra_detail_plural = '出了 {wait} seconds.' raise MyThrottled(wait)
内置频率限制类:
BaseThrottle是所有类的基类:方法:def get_ident(self, request)获取标识,其实就是获取ip,自定义的需要继承它
AnonRateThrottle:未登录用户ip限制,需要配合auth模块用
SimpleRateThrottle:重写此方法,可以实现频率现在,不需要咱们手写上面自定义的逻辑
UserRateThrottle:登录用户频率限制,这个得配合auth模块来用
ScopedRateThrottle:应用在局部视图上的(忽略)
4.全局使用
在settings.py文件中配置:
REST_FRAMEWORK = { 'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': ['app01.my_auth.MyThrottle', ], 'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES':{ 'luffy':'3/m' } }
局部禁用:
在视图类中:
throttle_classes = []
5.源码分析
# 继承BaseThrottle类时: # 执行APIView中的dispatch方法--->执行self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)方法 --->执行self.check_throttles(request) --->在权限类中重写def allow_request(self, request, view)方法,其中自己写频率限制的逻辑 # 继承SimpleRateThrottle类时: # 执行APIView中的dispatch方法--->执行self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)方法 --->执行self.check_throttles(request) --->在权限类中重写def get_cache_key(self, request, view)方法,其中自己写频率限制的逻辑
def check_throttles(self, request): for throttle in self.get_throttles(): if not throttle.allow_request(request, self): self.throttled(request, throttle.wait()) def throttled(self, request, wait): #抛异常,可以自定义异常,实现错误信息的中文显示 raise exceptions.Throttled(wait)
class SimpleRateThrottle(BaseThrottle): # 咱自己写的放在了全局变量,他的在django的缓存中 cache = default_cache # 获取当前时间,跟咱写的一样 timer = time.time # 做了一个字符串格式化, cache_format = 'throttle_%(scope)s_%(ident)s' scope = None # 从配置文件中取DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES,所以咱配置文件中应该配置,否则报错 THROTTLE_RATES = api_settings.DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES def __init__(self): if not getattr(self, 'rate', None): # 从配置文件中找出scope配置的名字对应的值,比如咱写的‘3/m’,他取出来 self.rate = self.get_rate() # 解析'3/m',解析成 3 m self.num_requests, self.duration = self.parse_rate(self.rate) # 这个方法需要重写 def get_cache_key(self, request, view): """ Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling. Must be overridden. May return `None` if the request should not be throttled. """ raise NotImplementedError('.get_cache_key() must be overridden') def get_rate(self): if not getattr(self, 'scope', None): msg = ("You must set either `.scope` or `.rate` for '%s' throttle" % self.__class__.__name__) raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg) try: # 获取在setting里配置的字典中的之,self.scope是 咱写的luffy return self.THROTTLE_RATES[self.scope] except KeyError: msg = "No default throttle rate set for '%s' scope" % self.scope raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg) # 解析 3/m这种传参 def parse_rate(self, rate): """ Given the request rate string, return a two tuple of: <allowed number of requests>, <period of time in seconds> """ if rate is None: return (None, None) num, period = rate.split('/') num_requests = int(num) # 只取了第一位,也就是 3/mimmmmmmm也是代表一分钟 duration = {'s': 1, 'm': 60, 'h': 3600, 'd': 86400}[period[0]] return (num_requests, duration) # 逻辑跟咱自定义的相同 def allow_request(self, request, view): """ Implement the check to see if the request should be throttled. On success calls `throttle_success`. On failure calls `throttle_failure`. """ if self.rate is None: return True self.key = self.get_cache_key(request, view) if self.key is None: return True self.history = self.cache.get(self.key, []) self.now = self.timer() # Drop any requests from the history which have now passed the # throttle duration while self.history and self.history[-1] <= self.now - self.duration: self.history.pop() if len(self.history) >= self.num_requests: return self.throttle_failure() return self.throttle_success() # 成功返回true,并且插入到缓存中 def throttle_success(self): """ Inserts the current request's timestamp along with the key into the cache. """ self.history.insert(0, self.now) self.cache.set(self.key, self.history, self.duration) return True # 失败返回false def throttle_failure(self): """ Called when a request to the API has failed due to throttling. """ return False def wait(self): """ Returns the recommended next request time in seconds. """ if self.history: remaining_duration = self.duration - (self.now - self.history[-1]) else: remaining_duration = self.duration available_requests = self.num_requests - len(self.history) + 1 if available_requests <= 0: return None return remaining_duration / float(available_requests)