• 专业英语


    Excellence is never an accident. It is the result of high intention, sincere effort and intelligent execution.

    Choice, not chance, determines your destiny, dreams and values.

                                                      ——Aristotle

    优秀绝不是一个偶然。它是强烈的动机、不懈的努力和智慧的共同结果。

    不是机遇,而是你的选择,决定了你的命运、梦想和价值。

                                                      —— 亚里斯多德

     专业英语特点 

      –长句多
      –被动语态使用的多
      –虚拟语态表达假设或建议
      –在说明书、手册中广泛使用祈使语句
      –名词性词组多
      –非限定动词(动名词、分词、不定式)使用率高
      –介词短语多
      –常用“It…”句型结构
      –常使用动词或名词演化成的形容词
      –希腊词根和拉丁词根比例大
      –经常出现缩写词,缩略方式使用频繁
      –插图、表格、公式、数字的比例大
      –合成新词多

    科技文章的特点 

      •科技文章是以传播科技信息为主的文体,内容客观准确,数据完整,很少存在个人主观见解和感情色彩。
      •科技文章重在表达科学原理、技术流程,语言规范、正式,句子结构完整,逻辑清晰,常常有长句出现,并配有大量的公式、图表。
      •科技文章中使用大量的科技术语
      •使用大量图表、数据来证明文章的论点。

    前后缀

     
    名词词缀形容词词缀动词词缀
    词缀 含义 词例 词缀 含义 词例 词缀 含义 词例
    auto- self automobile in- not insufficient Ab- being away from abbreviation
    bi- Two binary im- impossible de- can not,being worse than Degenerate
    counter- against counterexample un- unstable
    inter- between interface super- Above Supersonic
    dict- Speak dictionary -able Noticeable trans- across transform, transparent
    -scope see microscope -ive effective


    口头学术报告的注意事项 

      •会前预演
        –宣讲人在会前要写宣讲提纲,并熟记在心;
        –在会前要作多次模拟宣讲,严格按照时间和规程的要求;
        –可请亲人、同学、朋友听讲,提出意见,加以修改。
      •目光坦诚
        –宣讲人要用坦诚,自信的目光看向听众,切忌一直盯着屏幕和讲稿,切忌眼光发飘,躲躲闪闪。
      •遵守时间
        –该停就停,切忌罗琐;
      •自然放松
        –宣讲时的紧张情绪是普遍而正常的。要控制这种情绪,一方面要做到对要介绍的内容彻底了解,另一方面要避弱就强,即相信自己所讲,正确、清晰地叙述自己的工作和懂的地方,并辅佐少量手势。
        –语速适当,过快过慢都妨碍与听众的交流。
      •回答问题
        –聆听听众问题要专心,回答问题要直奔中心主题,切忌绕圈子;
        –回答不出的问题,可以表示“这个问题很好,我思考一下,会后和您讨论。”或“我们没有考虑到这方面的要求,在下一步工作中将仔细研究”。
        –切忌文过饰非。

    开场白常用套语 

      1.Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen:
      2.Madam Chairman, ladies and gentlemen:
      3.Thank you, Professor Li. Ladies and gentlemen:
      4.Thank you, Dr. Becker, for your gracious introduction.
      5.I am delighted (very glad/very happy/very pleased) to be here.
      6.I am particularly honored to have been invited to speak at this conference.
      7.It’s a great pleasure to be here and to be given the honor of opening the discussion on this important topic.
      8.I would like to begin my talk by thanking the organizers for inviting me to take part in this symposium.
      9.It’s a great pleasure (honor) for me to be allowed to speak about...
      10.It’s a great pleasure (honor) for me to have the opportunity of giving the final lecture in this congress.
      11.I am very glad to have the opportunity to introduce our work on …

    进入论题和阐述观点的常用语 

      1.Today I would like to talk to you about some of our work in the field of ABC.
      2.Today I would like to give a talk on various aspects of the application of ABC.
      3.I would like to talk about our work in the field of …
      4.Today I will be speaking mostly about ABC, but I will also cover DEF later on.
      5.My topic today will deal with one of the most serious problems we are facing today.
      6.The paper I am going to present today will describe some of the important aspects of ABC.
      7.I should like to give this talk in three parts. The first part deals with ABC. The 2nd part concerns DEF, and then the last part relates to GHI.
      8.I will first discuss ABC, then I will touch on DEF, and finally describe GHI.
      9.I would like to make three points with respect to ABC. The first point relates to …. The second point concerns…
      10.The first point I’d like to make about ABC is that...
      11.I want to go back to DEF.
      12.Now, let’s talk about (look at, go over, go through, discuss) ABC. 
      13.In the interest of time, I won’t go into details on this subject.
      14.I’m afraid I won’t have time to cover everything of ABC.
      15.I don’t have time to go into detail on this subject.
      16.I am not going to say much more about that except to tell you that …
      17.I think I will leave out this part to spare time
      18.I have to skip this part because of time limitation.
      19.In the first part of this paper I am going to talk about ...
      20.The next question is the connection between ABC and DEF.
      21.I will go over from ABC to DEF.
      22.Here I will go into details on this issue.

    使用幻灯片时的表达

      1.May (Could) I have the first slide, please?
      2.May I proceed to the next slide, please?
      3.The next slide will show you…
      4.This slide will give you an outline of …
      5.As you can see here, …
      6.Could you sharpen it a little bit, please?
      7.Could you give us a better focus?
      8.The slide is upside down, please adjust it. …
      9.Could you move it up a little, please ?
      10.That one is in the wrong place. Go to the next one first , please.
      11.May I have the previous slide, please?
      12.Could I skip to the next slide?

    如何改正口误

      1.I’d like to divide my presentation into four parts, three parts, I should say. 
      2.…in 1931, sorry, in 1951,…
      3.ABC is transformed in DEF, excuse me, in GHI.
      4.The so-called B-tree, I beg your pardon, B+-tree, is...

    学术报告的结尾

      1.I would like to conclude with a few general remarks on ABC.
      2.May I conclude my talk with a few more general remarks ?
      3.Finally, as a summary statement, I would like to say that…
      4.I would like to close by saying that …
      5.Now, I would like to sum up our investigation.
      6.Now, I am going to conclude my presentation.
      7.Thank you very much for your kind attention.
      8.Thank you for your patience in listening to rather a long talk.

    学术讨论的表达方式常用的提问语句 

      1.I would like to ask Mr. Li a question.
      2.May I address (put /direct/pose) a question to Mr. Li ?
      3.I’d like to raise a question about ABC.
      4.There’s something I’d like to ask.
      5.I’d like to ask how you solved the question, Mr. Bauman?
      6.Ms. Li, I wonder if you would care to comment on this point.
      7.I wonder if you would be good enough to explain it.
      8.I wonder why the emphasis is on ABC rather than DEF.
      9.I am curious why you used this method in your experiments.
      10.I am anxious to hear Mr. Wu’s opinion about ABC.
      11.I am interested in how you used this method in your experiments.
      12.You’ve not told me about ABC.
      13.What is the cause of the delay (difference)?
      14.Could you tell us why?
      15.Can you make a distinction between ABC and DEF?
      16.What are the merits and demerits of ABC?
      17.What is your evidence for this theory ?
      18.I’d like to ask Mr. Qi if he could explain ABC more clearly.
      19.I’d like to know a little more about that.
      20.I wonder if you are aware of similarity between ABC and DEF.
      21.I’m sorry, I could’t hear what you said.
      22.Are you asking me questions about ABC?
      23.I beg your pardon?

    常用的回答语句 

      1.Yes (certainly/That’s true)
      2.Let me reply very rapidly to the first question.
      3.In answer to the second question, I would say that …
      4.My answer to that question is that …
      5.I am not aware of any similarity between ABC and DEF.
      6.May I answer your second question first?
      7.As to ABC, I have no knowledge of any kind.
      8.I am not sure.  / I ’m afraid I don’t know.
      9.I honestly cannot answer this question.
      10.I don’t have any evidence to support ABC.
      11.I don’t have sufficient data on ABC.
      12.I can’t give you any quantitative data to explain this.
      13.I think it will be possible to answer this question when more experiments are completed.
      14.That’s all I can say at present.
      15.I have only a partial answer to that question.
      16.That’s a good question.
      17.That’s a interesting/hard/difficult question.
      18.I think Dr. Li’s question is really to the point.
      19.If I understand your question correctly, I can say that.
      20.I think, this question could be best answered by Dr. Stadt.
      21.Does that answer your question?
      22.I hope this answered your question.

    发表意见的方法 

      1.I would like to make a comment on ABC.
      2.I’d just like to make a few comments to clarify some of the points made earlier that I believe might be misunderstood.
      3.Allow me to make a comment on ABC.
      4.I would like to make a remark about ABC.
      5.I would like to offer (present/give/express/state) my opinion on this subject.
      6.In my opinion ABC is perhaps the most important discovery in electronics.
      7.I believe that the theory is sound.
      8.We see no reason for limitations to be placed on ABC
      9.I am convinced of its truth.
      10.I must say you are exaggerating (夸张).
      11.Let me point out one more thing.
      12.I would think you are mistaken.
      13.I don’t know if that is a satisfactory answer to your question.
      14.Maybe we should hold a meeting to discuss this problem.
      15.It seems as if he is hiding some important facts.

     专业文献

      –Communications of the ACM ACM通讯
      –Multimedia Systems 多媒体系统
      –Computing Surveys 计算技术调查
      –Computing Reviews 计算技术回顾
      –Journal of the ACM ACM杂志
      –Wireless Networks 无线网络技术
      –Computer Systems 计算机系统
      –Database Systems 数据库系统
      –Graphics 图型

       综述文章

        作者常为某个(或几个)专业领域的资深学者;
        题目、摘要中常会出现review, survey , summary等字样;
        文章的内容特点:
          –文章在时间上涉及某领域的(历史发展、)研究现状和发展前景;
          –在空间上覆盖论文所综述的领域上大部分的研究方向;
          –论文对所综述的领域上的成果、问题、争论进行严格系统地概括、归纳、分类;
          –大量引用、评价各研究类别上的工作成果(文献);
          –对相关工作进行比较,经常使用图表;
          –文中使用大量特用词,如:address, outline, issue;
          –主要从面上叙述问题,不会具体深入下去,省略了具体的方法和实验程序;
          –对各研究方向的评价带有一定的主观性;
          –可能会遗漏一些重要研究;
          –文章具有时效性。
        是开始一项研究和论文写作的最佳起点,可在短时间内鸟瞰某个领域的全貌,掌握了一份某个领域的研究分布图。

        注:阅读时,要标注出文章出处、时间、作者姓名及单位。

        语言特点:

          •以论述为主,语言平实,易于理解。
          •缩写、缩略语、专有名词多。
          •图表多。
          •长句,被动态多;
          •公式、推理、数学证明很少。
          •参考文献多。

       工业界技术文章

        White paper分为政府白皮书和商业白皮书。
        商业白皮书分为
          –商务利益类: 为某个技术或方法设计商务cases;
          –技术类: 描述某项技术的机理;
          –混合类: 组合了高层次商务利益和技术细节 ;
        作者是(大)企业和公司的研发部门、独立的市场分析组的科研人员,资深工程师等, 如IBM、Microsoft、Intel、Oracle。
        文章的内容特点
          –文章重点阐述公司使用的相关技术以及改进和革新;
          –评述本公司的产品(如性能、价格、改进等),对各代产品进行比较;
          –本公司技术带来的商务利益;
          –紧密结合实际应用;
          –经常使用表格、框图、数字等;
          –清晰地论述某项技术的实现原理,但常常省略了具体的公式、物理实现方法等;
          –对其他公司的工作评价较少;
          –对学术界的研究工作少有评述;
          –文章具有时效性;

      学术界技术文章

        学术界的技术文章的作者由各大学的科研人员、资深学者,某些顶级公司下属的研究中心(如:IBM TJ Watson research Center (NY),Almaden research Center (CA), Microsoft Research)的科学家等组成。
        学术文章的内容特点
          –文章覆盖各个研究领域;
          –提出新论点、新技术、新方法、新的实验手段;
          –涉及理论研究的广度和深度两方面;
          –在一篇文章中会很深入地讨论某个专题研究;
          –缩写、缩略语、专有名词多;
          –图表、公式、推理、数学证明多;
          –往往简略提及研究的前期成果或研究基础,给出相关参考文献.读者必须寻根溯源,详读参考文献;
          –文中将简述和比较与该研究相关的其他研究工作,但不如在综述中论述详尽;
          –文中结尾处会指出该研究今后的走向;
          –文章结构通常为:abstract Æ introduction Æ main parts Ærelated work Æ conclusion (future work)
        写作特点
          –文中被动态多,或出现人称时,用our work (一是多位作者,二是谦称);
          –专业词汇、次专业词汇大量出现;
          –大量使用特用语;
          –缩写、缩略语、专有名词多;
          –图表多;
          –长句,被动态多;

    科技文章翻译

      翻译要求
        –译文忠实于原文,准确完整地表达原文的内容。使原文在表达思想、精神、风格和体裁方面起到与原文完全相同的作用。
        –译文语言要合乎规范,用词造句要符合本民族语言习惯,文理通顺,不要逐字死译。
        –简练、明确,没有过多的冗余词语。
      翻译技巧
        1.原文全部阅读一遍,了解大意。
        2.遇到生词,不要马上查字典,应判断它是专业词汇还是次专业词汇。专业词汇可以查相关的专业词典。次专业词汇需要在理解上下文的基础上翻译。
        3.翻译时,应看一段译一段,而不要看一句译一句。避免句子译得对,文章却不通的情况,使译文上下连贯,语义顺畅。
        4.力求概念清楚,逻辑正确,数据无误,简练流畅。修辞手段上无须花过多力量。
      含有数字的习惯短语
        •Every three days : 每三天/每隔两天
        •Second to none : 首屈一指、无所匹敌
        •By halves: 不完全、不彻底
        •Ten to one : 十有八九
        •Fifty-fifty : 平均、各半
        •A hundred and one: 无数的、许多的
        •for the better part of a decade七八年来 

    科技文章写作

      技术报告 + 学术论文 + 手册 + 说明书
      流程:写作 - 完善 - 投稿 - 评议 - 录用 - 出版  
      常见结构:
        •Title + subtitle (论文题名+副标题)
        •Authors + correspondence address (作者姓名+通讯地址)
        •Abstract + Keyword (摘要+关键词)
        •Introduction (引言)
        •Materials and methods (材料与方法)
        •Results & Discussion(结果与讨论)
        •Conclusion (结论)
        •Acknowledgement (致谢)
        •Reference (参考文献)
      注:文章题目的格式
      摘要——陈述性和资料性
      •陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题,不介绍内容。
      •资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
        它可以包括三个组成部分
          ①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;
          ②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;
          ③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。
      •实验性和技术性强的文章多用陈述性(指示性)摘要形式 。
      研究目的 + 研究方法 + 结果 + 论文的关键工作 + 结论  
      撰写要求:    
        •摘要应具有独立性和自明性,使得他人不阅读文献的全文,就能获得必要的信息。
        •摘要是一种可以被引用的完整短文。
        •不应出现在本学科领域方面已成为常识的或科普知识的内容
        •不简单地重复论文中已经表述过的信息。
        •客观如实地反映原文的内容,着重反映论文的新内容和作者特别强调的观点。
        •结构严谨、语义确切、表述简明、一般不分段落。
        •切忌发空洞的评语,不作模棱两可的结论。
        •不使用图、表或化学结构式,以及相邻专业的读者尚难于清楚理解的缩略语、简称、代 号,如果确有必要,在摘要中首次出现时必须加以说明。 

    英文摘要常用句型

      1) This paper deals with...
      2) This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...
      3) This eassy presents knowledge that...
      4) This thesis discusses/ analyzes...
      6) This paper provides an overview of...
      7)   This paper elaborates on ...
      8) This article gives an overview of...
      9) This article compares...and summarizes key findings.
      10)This paper includes discussions concerning...
      11)  This paper presents up to date information on...
      12)  This article covers the role of chemicals in...
      13)  This paper addresses important topics including...
      14)  This paper touches upon...
      15)  This paper strongly emphasizes...
      16)  This eassy represents the preceedings of ...
      17)  This article not only describes...but also suggests...
      19) This paper provides a method of ...
      20) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...
      21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...
      22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...
      23) This article explores...
      24) This paper expresses views on...
      25) This paper reflects the state of the art in...
      26) This paper explains the procedures for...
      27) This paper develops the theory of ...
      28) This article reviews the techniques used in...
      29) This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to...
      30) This article is about/concerns ...
      31) This eassy is related to ...
      33) This paper gives an account of ..
      34) This article tells of...
      35) This paper tries to describe...
      36) This paper provides an analysis of ...
      37) This paper reports the latest information on ...
      38) The author of this article reviews...
      39) The writer of this paper discusses...
      40) The writer of this eassy tries to explore..
      41) The aim of this paper is to determine...
      42)The purpose of this article is to review...
      43) The objective of this paper is to explore...

    破题用语,一般有:

      ①The author of this article reviews (or: discusses, describes, summarizes, examines) something……
      ②This article reviews (or:reports,tells of,is about,concerns)something…….
      ③This article has been prepared (or:designed,written)…….
      ④The purpose of this article is to determine something…….
      ⑤The problem of something is discussed …….

    结论和建议,一般有以下几种写法:

      ①The author suggests (recommends,concludes)that…….
      ②This article shows that…….
      ③It is suggested that…….
      ④The author's suggestion (or:conclusion )is that ……
      ⑤The author finds it necessary to ……. 

    软件方面的专业(次专业)词汇

      API (application programming interface) 应用编程接口,应用编程界面
      applet 支程序,小应用程序
      application programming interface 应用编程接口,应用编程界面
      ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) 美国信息交换标准代码
      assembler 汇编器,汇编程序
      asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) 异步传输模式
      AWT (abstract windows toolkit) 抽象窗口工具库
      binary relation 二元关系   
      binary tree 二叉树
      bit series 比特序列            
      black box/white box 黑盒,白盒
      block miss 块失效
      diagram 图表            
      Difference Manchester 曼彻斯特差分
      directed graph/undirected graph 有向图/无向图
      distributed system 分布式系统       
      waterfall model 瀑布模型
      white noises 白噪声
     
     
     
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/sweetyu/p/5157228.html
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