getopt函数
描述
getopt是用来解析命令行选项参数的,但是只能解析短选项: -d 100,不能解析长选项:--prefix
定义
int getopt(int argc, char * const argv[], const char *optstring);
参数
argc:main()函数传递过来的参数的个数
argv:main()函数传递过来的参数的字符串指针数组
optstring:选项字符串,告知 getopt()可以处理哪个选项以及哪个选项需要参数
optstring的格式意义:
char*optstring = “ab:c::”;
单个字符a 表示选项a没有参数 格式:-a即可,不加参数 单字符加冒号b: 表示选项b有且必须加参数 格式:-b 100或-b100,但-b=100错 单字符加2冒号c:: 表示选项c可以有,也可以无 格式:-c200,其它格式错误
函数调用后,会返回以下四个变量
optarg —— 指向当前选项参数(如果有)的指针。
optind —— 再次调用 getopt() 时的下一个 argv指针的索引。
optopt —— 最后一个未知选项。
opterr —— 如果不希望getopt()打印出错信息,则只要将全域变量opterr设为0即可。
例子
#include<stdio.h> #include<unistd.h> #include<getopt.h> int main(intargc, char *argv[]) { int opt; char *string = "a::b:c:d"; while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, string))!= -1) { printf("opt = %c ", opt); printf("optarg = %s ",optarg); printf("optind = %d ",optind); printf("argv[optind] = %s ",argv[optind]); } }
编译运行
gcc tc.c -o tc ./tc -a100 -b 200 -c 300 -d
输出
opt = a optarg = 100 optind = 2 argv[optind] = -b opt = b optarg = 200 optind = 4 argv[optind] = -c opt = c optarg = 300 optind = 6 argv[optind] = -d opt = d optarg = (null) optind = 7 argv[optind] = (null)
demo
bogon:testc macname$ sudo vi tc.c bogon:testc macname$ bogon:testc macname$ gcc tc.c -o tc bogon:testc macname$ ./tc bogon:testc macname$ ./tc -a100 -b 200 -c 300 -d opt = a optarg = 100 optind = 2 argv[optind] = -b opt = b optarg = 200 optind = 4 argv[optind] = -c opt = c optarg = 300 optind = 6 argv[optind] = -d opt = d optarg = (null) optind = 7 argv[optind] = (null) bogon:testc macname$ ./tc -a -b 200 -c 300 -d opt = a optarg = -b optind = 3 argv[optind] = 200 bogon:testc macname$ ./tc -b 200 -c 300 -d opt = b optarg = 200 optind = 3 argv[optind] = -c opt = c optarg = 300 optind = 5 argv[optind] = -d opt = d optarg = (null) optind = 6 argv[optind] = (null) bogon:testc macname$ ./tc -b 200 -c 300 opt = b optarg = 200 optind = 3 argv[optind] = -c opt = c optarg = 300 optind = 5 argv[optind] = (null) bogon:testc macname$ ./tc -b 200 opt = b optarg = 200 optind = 3 argv[optind] = (null)
getopt_long函数
描述
包含 getopt 功能,增加了解析长选项的功能如:--prefix --help
定义
int getopt_long(int argc, char * const argv[], const char *optstring, const struct option *longopts,int *longindex);
参数
longopts 指明了长参数的名称和属性
longindex 如果longindex非空,它指向的变量将记录当前找到参数符合longopts里的第几个元素的描述,即是longopts的下标值
struct option
struct option { const char *name; /* 参数名称 */ int has_arg; /* 指明是否带有参数 */ int *flag; /* flag=NULL时,返回value;不为空时,*flag=val,返回0 */ int val; /* 用于指定函数找到选项的返回值或flag非空时指定*flag的值 */ };
返回
对于短选项,返回值同getopt函数;对于长选项,如果flag是NULL,返回val,否则返回0;对于错误情况返回值同getopt函数
参数说明:
has_arg 指明是否带参数值,其数值可选: no_argument 表明长选项不带参数,如:--name, --help required_argument 表明长选项必须带参数,如:--prefix /root或 --prefix=/root optional_argument 表明长选项的参数是可选的,如:--help或 –prefix=/root,其它都是错误
例子
int main(intargc, char *argv[]) { int opt; int digit_optind = 0; int option_index = 0; char *string = "a::b:c:d"; static struct option long_options[] = { {"reqarg", required_argument,NULL, 'r'}, {"optarg", optional_argument,NULL, 'o'}, {"noarg", no_argument, NULL,'n'}, {NULL, 0, NULL, 0}, }; while((opt =getopt_long_only(argc,argv,string,long_options,&option_index))!= -1) { printf("opt = %c ", opt); printf("optarg = %s ",optarg); printf("optind = %d ",optind); printf("argv[optind] =%s ", argv[optind]); printf("option_index = %d ",option_index); } }
demo
bogon:testc macname$ sudo vi tc.c bogon:testc macname$ bogon:testc macname$ gcc tc.c -o tc bogon:testc macname$ ./tc --reqarg 100 --optarg=200 --noarg opt = r optarg = 100 optind = 3 argv[optind] =--optarg=200 option_index = 0 opt = o optarg = 200 optind = 4 argv[optind] =--noarg option_index = 1 opt = n optarg = (null) optind = 5 argv[optind] =(null) option_index = 2 bogon:testc macname$ ./tc -reqarg 100 --optarg=200 --noarg opt = r optarg = 100 optind = 3 argv[optind] =--optarg=200 option_index = 0 opt = o optarg = 200 optind = 4 argv[optind] =--noarg option_index = 1 opt = n optarg = (null) optind = 5 argv[optind] =(null) option_index = 2 bogon:testc macname$ ./tc -reqarg 100 --optarg --noarg opt = r optarg = 100 optind = 3 argv[optind] =--optarg option_index = 0 opt = o optarg = (null) optind = 4 argv[optind] =--noarg option_index = 1 opt = n optarg = (null) optind = 5 argv[optind] =(null) option_index = 2 bogon:testc macname$ ./tc -reqarg=100 --optarg --noarg opt = r optarg = 100 optind = 2 argv[optind] =--optarg option_index = 0 opt = o optarg = (null) optind = 3 argv[optind] =--noarg option_index = 1 opt = n optarg = (null) optind = 4 argv[optind] =(null) option_index = 2 bogon:testc macname$ ./tc -reqarg 100 --optarg 200 --noarg opt = r optarg = 100 optind = 3 argv[optind] =--optarg option_index = 0 opt = o optarg = (null) optind = 4 argv[optind] =200 option_index = 1 opt = n optarg = (null) optind = 6 argv[optind] =(null) option_index = 2 bogon:testc macname$ ./tc --reqarg 100 --optarg 200 --noarg opt = r optarg = 100 optind = 3 argv[optind] =--optarg option_index = 0 opt = o optarg = (null) optind = 4 argv[optind] =200 option_index = 1 opt = n optarg = (null) optind = 6 argv[optind] =(null) option_index = 2 bogon:testc macname$ ./tc --reqarg --optarg 200 --noarg opt = r optarg = --optarg optind = 3 argv[optind] =200 option_index = 0 opt = n optarg = (null) optind = 5 argv[optind] =(null) option_index = 2
getopt_long_only函数
getopt_long_only 函数与 getopt_long 函数使用相同的参数表,在功能上基本一致,只是 getopt_long 只将 --name 当作长参数,但 getopt_long_only 会将 --name 和 -name 两种选项都当作长参数来匹配。getopt_long_only 如果选项 -name 不能在 longopts 中匹配,但能匹配一个短选项,它就会解析为短选项。
参考:
https://www.cnblogs.com/chenliyang/p/6633739.html
https://blog.csdn.net/men_wen/article/details/61934376