Innodb通过自动把主键列添加到每个二级索引来扩展它们:
CREATE TABLE t1 ( i1 INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, i2 INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, d DATE DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (i1, i2), INDEX k_d (d) ) ENGINE = InnoDB;
该表定义(t1,t2)为联合主键,也定义个二级索引k_id 在列(d)上,但是内部innodb会扩展它,变成列index(d,i1,i2);
版本5.6.9之前,优化器不会这么优化,但在5.6.9,开始支持,可以得到更好的性能和更有效的执行计划;
优化器可以用扩展的二级索引来进行ref,range,index_merge等类型index access,松散的index sacns,join连接和排序优化,和min()/max()优化;
数据:
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1, 1, '1998-01-01'), (1, 2, '1999-01-01'), (1, 3, '2000-01-01'), (1, 4, '2001-01-01'), (1, 5, '2002-01-01'), (2, 1, '1998-01-01'), (2, 2, '1999-01-01'), (2, 3, '2000-01-01'), (2, 4, '2001-01-01'), (2, 5, '2002-01-01'), (3, 1, '1998-01-01'), (3, 2, '1999-01-01'), (3, 3, '2000-01-01'), (3, 4, '2001-01-01'), (3, 5, '2002-01-01'), (4, 1, '1998-01-01'), (4, 2, '1999-01-01'), (4, 3, '2000-01-01'), (4, 4, '2001-01-01'), (4, 5, '2002-01-01'), (5, 1, '1998-01-01'), (5, 2, '1999-01-01'), (5, 3, '2000-01-01'), (5, 4, '2001-01-01'), (5, 5, '2002-01-01');
查询sql:
EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE i1 = 3 AND d = '2000-01-01';
这种情况下,优化器不会使用主键,因为主键有(t1,t2)组成,但是该查询中没有引用i2;优化器会选择二级索引 k_d(d) ,执行计划依赖与是否扩展index被使用;
当优化器没有使用index extensions时,他对待 k_d 仅仅为(d).
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE i1 = 3 AND d = '2000-01-01'G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: t1 type: ref possible_keys: PRIMARY,k_d key: k_d key_len: 4 ref: const rows: 5 Extra: Using where; Using index
当优化器把index extensions考虑在内的话,对待k_d (d,i1,i2), 这种情况下,他可以使用最左前缀(d,i1)开得到一个更好的执行计划;
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE i1 = 3 AND d = '2000-01-01'G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: t1 type: ref possible_keys: PRIMARY,k_d key: k_d key_len: 8 ref: const,const rows: 1 Extra: Using index
两种情况下,key列显示优化器都会选择用二级索引k-d,但是 :
1:key_len列从4bytes 变成了8 bytes,说明了key 是查找的 列 d 和 i1,而不是仅仅d;
2: rows列计数从5减少到1,说明 innodb检测更少的行来得到结构;
3:Extra列从 using where;using index 变成了using index,意味着结果只使用了index,没有access数据行;
优化器使用扩展的Index行为不同也可以通过show status指令来观看:
FLUSH TABLE t1; FLUSH STATUS; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE i1 = 3 AND d = '2000-01-01'; SHOW STATUS LIKE 'handler_read%'
flush table :清除Table cache;
flush status:清除状态计数;
没有index extendsions,show status:
+-----------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +-----------------------+-------+ | Handler_read_first | 0 | | Handler_read_key | 1 | | Handler_read_last | 0 | | Handler_read_next | 5 | | Handler_read_prev | 0 | | Handler_read_rnd | 0 | | Handler_read_rnd_next | 0 | +-----------------------+-------+
有index extensions,show status: handler_read_next 从5变成1
+-----------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +-----------------------+-------+ | Handler_read_first | 0 | | Handler_read_key | 1 | | Handler_read_last | 0 | | Handler_read_next | 1 | | Handler_read_prev | 0 | | Handler_read_rnd | 0 | | Handler_read_rnd_next | 0 | +-----------------------+-------+
optimizer_switch系统变量的use_index_extensions标志可以控制是否优化器进行二级索引扩展,默认,是打开的,
SET optimizer_switch = 'use_index_extensions=off';