一. 国际化-数字格式化为字符串示例
以前对付数字一般直接ToString()一下就完了,但遇到需要国际化的软件,就不能这么简单了,比如有的国家的金额千分位不是逗号而是句号,小数点不是句号而是逗号,因此,为了将数字以正确的字符串形式展现在该国人面前,就需要用明确的方法。
其实数字的ToString()方法有多个重载,用来实现国际化下的各国数字正确格式化。
1.先看一个简单的程序Demo
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Globalization;
namespace 国际化类库测试
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
decimal input = 12345678;
CultureInfo culture = new CultureInfo("km-KH");
//C或c代表货币
Console.WriteLine(input.ToString("C", culture)); //12,345,678.00?
//N或n代表数字
Console.WriteLine(input.ToString("n", culture)); //12345,678.00
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}
2.数字格式化为字符串的标准
C, c代表货币,N,n代表数字。
“C”或“c” Currency 结果:货币值。
123.456 ("C", en-US) -> $123.46
123.456 ("C", fr-FR) -> 123,46 €
123.456 ("C", ja-JP) -> ¥123
-123.456 ("C3", en-US) -> ($123.456)
-123.456 ("C3", fr-FR) -> -123,456 €
-123.456 ("C3", ja-JP) -> -¥123.456
“D”或“d” Decimal 结果:整型数字,负号可选。
受以下类型支持:仅整型。
1234 ("D") -> 1234
-1234 ("D6") -> -001234
3.反编译Decimal类的ToString()方法,看源代码。
3.1 Decimal类ToString()的几个重载方法
在mscorlib.dll库中。源代码如下:
public override string ToString()
{
return Number.FormatDecimal(this, null, NumberFormatInfo.CurrentInfo);
}
public string ToString(string format)
{
return Number.FormatDecimal(this, format, NumberFormatInfo.CurrentInfo);
}
public string ToString(IFormatProvider provider)
{
return Number.FormatDecimal(this, null, NumberFormatInfo.GetInstance(provider));
}
public string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider provider)
{
return Number.FormatDecimal(this, format, NumberFormatInfo.GetInstance(provider));
}
public static NumberFormatInfo GetInstance(IFormatProvider formatProvider)
{
NumberFormatInfo numInfo;
CultureInfo info2 = formatProvider as CultureInfo;
if ((info2 != null) && !info2.m_isInherited)
{
numInfo = info2.numInfo;
if (numInfo != null)
{
return numInfo;
}
return info2.NumberFormat;
}
numInfo = formatProvider as NumberFormatInfo;
if (numInfo != null)
{
return numInfo;
}
if (formatProvider != null)
{
numInfo = formatProvider.GetFormat(typeof(NumberFormatInfo)) as NumberFormatInfo;
if (numInfo != null)
{
return numInfo;
}
}
return CurrentInfo;
}
3.2 IFormatProvider接口
[ComVisible(true)]
public interface IFormatProvider
{
// Methods
object GetFormat(Type formatType);
}
3.3 CultureInfo里的IFormatProvider
public class CultureInfo : ICloneable, IFormatProvider
{
public virtual object GetFormat(Type formatType)
{
if (formatType == typeof(NumberFormatInfo))
{
return this.NumberFormat;
}
if (formatType == typeof(DateTimeFormatInfo))
{
return this.DateTimeFormat;
}
return null;
}
}
3.4 NumberFormatInfo里的IFormatProvider
[Serializable, ComVisible(true)]
public sealed class NumberFormatInfo : ICloneable, IFormatProvider
{
public object GetFormat(Type formatType)
{
if (formatType != typeof(NumberFormatInfo))
{
return null;
}
return this;
}
}
3.5 Number里的FormatDecimal
internal class Number
{
// Fields
private const int Int32Precision = 10;
private const int Int64Precision = 0x13;
private const int NumberMaxDigits = 50;
private const int UInt32Precision = 10;
private const int UInt64Precision = 20;
// Methods
private Number();
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
public static extern string FormatDecimal(decimal value, string format, NumberFormatInfo info);
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
3.5.1 C# extern修饰符是什么意思?
C# extern修饰符用于声明 由程序集外部实现的成员函数经常用于系统API函数的调用(通过 DllImport )。注意,C# extern修饰符和DllImport一起使用时要加上 static 修饰符也可以用于对于同一程序集不同版本组件的调用(用 extern 声明别名) 不能与 abstract 修饰符同时使用 。
DllImport("avifil32.dll")]
private static extern void AVIFileInit();
也就是说这个方法是放在申明的类之外的类中实现的.
3.6 NumberFormatInfo全部成员列表
[Serializable, ComVisible(true)]
public sealed class NumberFormatInfo : ICloneable, IFormatProvider
{
// Fields
internal string ansiCurrencySymbol;
internal int currencyDecimalDigits;
internal string currencyDecimalSeparator;
internal string currencyGroupSeparator;
internal int[] currencyGroupSizes;
internal int currencyNegativePattern;
internal int currencyPositivePattern;
internal string currencySymbol;
[OptionalField(VersionAdded=2)]
internal int digitSubstitution;
private const NumberStyles InvalidNumberStyles = ~(NumberStyles.HexNumber | NumberStyles.AllowCurrencySymbol | NumberStyles.AllowExponent | NumberStyles.AllowThousands | NumberStyles.AllowDecimalPoint | NumberStyles.AllowParentheses | NumberStyles.AllowTrailingSign | NumberStyles.AllowLeadingSign);
private static NumberFormatInfo invariantInfo;
internal bool isReadOnly;
internal int m_dataItem;
internal bool m_useUserOverride;
internal string nanSymbol;
[OptionalField(VersionAdded=2)]
internal string[] nativeDigits;
internal string negativeInfinitySymbol;
internal string negativeSign;
internal int numberDecimalDigits;
internal string numberDecimalSeparator;
internal string numberGroupSeparator;
internal int[] numberGroupSizes;
internal int numberNegativePattern;
internal int percentDecimalDigits;
internal string percentDecimalSeparator;
internal string percentGroupSeparator;
internal int[] percentGroupSizes;
internal int percentNegativePattern;
internal int percentPositivePattern;
internal string percentSymbol;
internal string perMilleSymbol;
internal string positiveInfinitySymbol;
internal string positiveSign;
internal bool validForParseAsCurrency;
internal bool validForParseAsNumber;
// Methods
public NumberFormatInfo();
internal NumberFormatInfo(CultureTableRecord cultureTableRecord);
internal void CheckGroupSize(string propName, int[] groupSize);
public object Clone();
public object GetFormat(Type formatType);
public static NumberFormatInfo GetInstance(IFormatProvider formatProvider);
[OnDeserialized]
private void OnDeserialized(StreamingContext ctx);
[OnDeserializing]
private void OnDeserializing(StreamingContext ctx);
[OnSerializing]
private void OnSerializing(StreamingContext ctx);
public static NumberFormatInfo ReadOnly(NumberFormatInfo nfi);
internal static void ValidateParseStyleFloatingPoint(NumberStyles style);
internal static void ValidateParseStyleInteger(NumberStyles style);
private void VerifyDecimalSeparator(string decSep, string propertyName);
private void VerifyDigitSubstitution(DigitShapes digitSub, string propertyName);
private void VerifyGroupSeparator(string groupSep, string propertyName);
private void VerifyNativeDigits(string[] nativeDig, string propertyName);
private void VerifyWritable();
// Properties
public int CurrencyDecimalDigits { get; set; }
public string CurrencyDecimalSeparator { get; set; }
public string CurrencyGroupSeparator { get; set; }
public int[] CurrencyGroupSizes { get; set; }
public int CurrencyNegativePattern { get; set; }
public int CurrencyPositivePattern { get; set; }
public string CurrencySymbol { get; set; }
public static NumberFormatInfo CurrentInfo { get; }
[ComVisible(false)]
public DigitShapes DigitSubstitution { get; set; }
public static NumberFormatInfo InvariantInfo { get; }
public bool IsReadOnly { get; }
public string NaNSymbol { get; set; }
[ComVisible(false)]
public string[] NativeDigits { get; set; }
public string NegativeInfinitySymbol { get; set; }
public string NegativeSign { get; set; }
public int NumberDecimalDigits { get; set; }
public string NumberDecimalSeparator { get; set; }
public string NumberGroupSeparator { get; set; }
public int[] NumberGroupSizes { get; set; }
public int NumberNegativePattern { get; set; }
public int PercentDecimalDigits { get; set; }
public string PercentDecimalSeparator { get; set; }
public string PercentGroupSeparator { get; set; }
public int[] PercentGroupSizes { get; set; }
public int PercentNegativePattern { get; set; }
public int PercentPositivePattern { get; set; }
public string PercentSymbol { get; set; }
public string PerMilleSymbol { get; set; }
public string PositiveInfinitySymbol { get; set; }
public string PositiveSign { get; set; }
}
这里面有数字千分位分隔符NumberGroupSeparator,小数位分隔符NumberDecimalSeparator,货币小数位分隔符及千分位分隔符CurrencyDecimalSeparator,CurrencyGroupSeparator等重要属性。
4.对前面Demo程序的解析
IFormatProvider接口中就一个GetFormat方法。
当执行 Console.WriteLine(input.ToString("C", culture)); //12,345,678.00?
时,执行下面这个方法:
public string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider provider)
{
return Number.FormatDecimal(this, format, NumberFormatInfo.GetInstance(provider));
}
然后又执行GetInstance方法得到NumberFormatInfo对象。
public static NumberFormatInfo GetInstance(IFormatProvider formatProvider)
{
NumberFormatInfo numInfo;
CultureInfo info2 = formatProvider as CultureInfo;
if ((info2 != null) && !info2.m_isInherited)
{
numInfo = info2.numInfo;
if (numInfo != null)
{
return numInfo;
}
return info2.NumberFormat;
}
numInfo = formatProvider as NumberFormatInfo;
if (numInfo != null)
{
return numInfo;
}
if (formatProvider != null)
{
numInfo = formatProvider.GetFormat(typeof(NumberFormatInfo)) as NumberFormatInfo;
if (numInfo != null)
{
return numInfo;
}
}
return CurrentInfo;
}
最后执行Number.FormatDecimal(this, format, NumberFormatInfo.GetInstance(provider))
即,待格式化的数值,格式化标识符C或N,及NumberFormat (这里面有数字千分位分隔符NumberGroupSeparator,小数位分隔符NumberDecimalSeparator,货币小数位分隔符及千分位分隔符CurrencyDecimalSeparator,CurrencyGroupSeparator)
不过,Number.FormatDecimal是外部的函数,找不到具体实现,只能跟到这儿了。
5.小结
数字如果想转化为理想的格式,除了传入C或N,也要传入文化,如果不传,系统也会给你用工作线程中默认的文化。
二. 国际化-字符串转化为数字示例
一般来说,对一个表示数字的字符串,使用Convert.ToDecimal或Decimal.TryParse就可以将它转为数字类型了,但是,如果遇到象越南,德国这种国家,他们的数字千分位居然用句号,小数点用逗号,因此,这种字符串如果想直接用ToDecimal转为数字就有点麻烦了。
例如:一个越南的表示数字的字符串"333.444.555,333",实际上它是数字333444555.333,如何把它还原为正确的数字呢?
1. 程序Demo
string inputString = "333.444.555,333";
decimal decimalInput = Convert.ToDecimal(inputString);
结果:Decimal.TryParse=333444,555.00
系统会报一场:不正确的字符串格式。
2. 解决方法
使用ToDecimal的重载方法:public static decimal ToDecimal(string value, IFormatProvider provider)
string inputString = "333.444.555,333";
decimal decimalInput = Convert.ToDecimal(inputString, new CultureInfo("vi-VN"));
Console.WriteLine("Convert.ToDecimal=" + decimalInput.ToString("n", culture));
结果是:333.444.555,33
3. 更好的方法是用Decimal.TryParse,它转换失败时不会报异常。
if (Decimal.TryParse(inputString, NumberStyles.Number, new CultureInfo("vi-VN"), out decimalInput))
{
Console.WriteLine("Decimal.TryParse=" + decimalInput.ToString("n", culture));
}
4. 小结
字符串(一般来说,有可能带着格式,如千分位,小数点)如果想正确转化为数字,也需要传入文化。
三.总结
对于国际化软件中,数字与字符串之间的格式化和转化处理,都需要刻意加上文化CultureInfo的维度,没有国际化需求的软件,看似没有此维度,其实不然,都有默认的文化参与在其中,只不过没有注意到它的存在罢了。