• codeforces 717A. Festival Organization


    题目链接:CF717A

    翻译:luogu

    对于一个确定的长度(n),合法的方案数为(fib_{n+2})

    所以最后求的就是(sum_{i=l}^rdbinom{fib_{i+2}}{k})

    (f_n=sum_{i=0}^ndbinom{fib_i}{k}),那么答案也就是(f_{r+2}-f_{l+1})

    推一下式子

    [egin{aligned} f_n=&sum_{i=0}^nfrac{fib_i!}{k!(fib_i-k)!}\ =&frac{1}{k!}sum_{i=0}^nfrac{fib_i!}{(fib_i-k)!}\ =&frac{1}{k!}sum_{i=0}^nfib_i^{underline{k}}\ =&frac{1}{k!}sum_{i=0}^nsum_{j=0}^k(-1)^{j-k}egin{bmatrix}k\jend{bmatrix}fib_i^j\ =&frac{1}{k!}sum_{j=0}^kegin{bmatrix}k\jend{bmatrix}(-1)^{k-j}sum_{i=0}^nfib_i^j end{aligned} ]

    基本上就是运用了一下第一类斯特林数和下降幂之间的关系

    问题就是对每个给定的(j),怎么求(sum_{i=0}^n fib_i^j)

    我们有(fib_n=frac{(frac{1+sqrt5}{2})^n-(frac{1-sqrt5}{2})^n}{sqrt5}),令(a=frac{1+sqrt5}{2},b=frac{1-sqrt5}{2})

    (sum_{i=0}^nfib_i^j=sum_{i=0}^nfrac{(a^i-b^i)^j}{(sqrt5)^j}=frac{sum_{k=0}^j {jchoose k}(-1)^ksum_{i=0}^n(b^ka^{j-k})^i}{(sqrt5)^j})

    上面这个式子用二项式定理展开后,最后的那个sigma可以用等比数列求和解决

    貌似时间是(O(klogr)),结合一开始的最外面枚举(j)总时间是(O(k^2logr))

    时间没有问题,但是注意到(5)在模(1000000007)意义下并没有二次剩余

    考虑扩域,即类比虚数,将所有数定义成(a+bsqrt5)的形式,重新定义四则运算即可(除法的话直接考虑分母有理化即可)

    #include<iostream>
    #include<string.h>
    #include<string>
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<algorithm>
    #include<math.h>
    #include<vector>
    #include<queue>
    #include<map>
    #include<set>
    using namespace std;
    #define lowbit(x) (x)&(-x)
    #define sqr(x) (x)*(x)
    #define fir first
    #define sec second
    #define rep(i,a,b) for (register int i=a;i<=b;i++)
    #define per(i,a,b) for (register int i=a;i>=b;i--)
    #define maxd 1000000007
    #define inv2 500000004
    #define eps 1e-6
    typedef long long ll;
    const int N=200;
    const double pi=acos(-1.0);
    int k;
    ll l,r,c[220][220],s[220][220],invk=1;
    
    ll qpow(ll x,ll y)
    {
    	ll ans=1;
    	while (y)
    	{
    		if (y&1) ans=ans*x%maxd;
    		x=x*x%maxd;y>>=1;
    	}
    	return ans;
    }
    struct Complex{
    	ll x,y;
    	Complex(ll _x=0,ll _y=0) {x=_x;y=_y;}
    };
    Complex operator +(Complex a,Complex b)
    {
    	return Complex((a.x+b.x)%maxd,(a.y+b.y)%maxd);
    }
    
    Complex operator -(Complex a,Complex b)
    {
    	return Complex((a.x-b.x+maxd)%maxd,(a.y-b.y+maxd)%maxd);
    }
    
    Complex operator *(Complex a,Complex b)
    {
    	return Complex((a.x*b.x+a.y*b.y%maxd*5)%maxd,(a.x*b.y+a.y*b.x)%maxd);
    }
    
    Complex operator /(Complex a,Complex b)
    {
    	a=a*Complex(b.x,maxd-b.y);b=b*Complex(b.x,maxd-b.y);
    	ll inv=qpow(b.x,maxd-2);
    	a.x=a.x*inv%maxd;a.y=a.y*inv%maxd;
    	return a;
    }
    
    Complex qpow(Complex a,ll y)
    {
    	Complex ans=Complex(1,0);
    	while (y)
    	{
    		if (y&1) ans=ans*a;
    		a=a*a;y>>=1;
    	}
    	return ans;
    }
    
    void init()
    {
    	s[0][0]=1;c[0][0]=1;
    	rep(i,1,N)
    	{
    		c[i][0]=1;
    		rep(j,1,i)
    		{
    			c[i][j]=(c[i-1][j-1]+c[i-1][j])%maxd;
    			s[i][j]=(s[i-1][j-1]+s[i-1][j]*(i-1))%maxd;
    		}
    	}
    	rep(i,1,k) invk=invk*i%maxd;
    	invk=qpow(invk,maxd-2);	
    }
    
    Complex calc(Complex a,ll n)
    {
    	Complex tmp=Complex(1,0);
    	if((a.x==1) && (!a.y)) return Complex((n+1)%maxd,0);
    	else return (qpow(a,n+1)-tmp)/(a-tmp);
    }
    
    ll solve(ll n)
    {
    	Complex a=Complex(inv2,inv2),b=Complex(inv2,maxd-inv2);
    	ll ans=0;
    	rep(i,0,k)
    	{
    		ll now=s[k][i];
    		if ((k-i)&1) now=(maxd-now)%maxd;
    		Complex sum=Complex(0,0);
    		rep(j,0,i)
    		{
    			Complex tmp1=Complex(0,0);
    			if (j&1) tmp1.x=maxd-c[i][j];else tmp1.x=c[i][j];
    			tmp1=tmp1*calc(qpow(b,j)*qpow(a,i-j),n);
    			sum=sum+tmp1;
    		}
    		Complex inv=Complex();
    		if (i&1) inv.y=qpow(5,i/2);else inv.x=qpow(5,i/2);
    		sum=sum/inv;
    		ans=(ans+now*sum.x)%maxd;
    	}
    	ans=ans*invk%maxd;
    	return ans;
    }
    
    int main()
    {
    	scanf("%d%lld%lld",&k,&l,&r);
    	init();
    	printf("%lld",(solve(r+2)-solve(l+1)+maxd)%maxd);
    	return 0;
    }
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/encodetalker/p/10911755.html
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