一篇介绍链表不错的文章：
1. 玩转C链表
3. 深入分析 Linux 内核链表 https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/kernel/l-chain/
include/linux/list.h
双向链表--双指针（无头链表，需外部指定头部）
/* * Simple doubly linked list implementation. * * Some of the internal functions ("__xxx") are useful when * manipulating whole lists rather than single entries, as * sometimes we already know the next/prev entries and we can * generate better code by using them directly rather than * using the generic single-entry routines. */
struct list_head { struct list_head *next, *prev; }; #define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) { &(name), &(name) } #define LIST_HEAD(name) struct list_head name = LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) static inline void INIT_LIST_HEAD(struct list_head *list) { list->next = list; list->prev = list; }
#ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST static inline void __list_add(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *prev, struct list_head *next) { next->prev = new; new->next = next; new->prev = prev; prev->next = new; } #else extern void __list_add(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *prev, struct list_head *next); #endif /** * list_add - add a new entry * @new: new entry to be added * @head: list head to add it after * * Insert a new entry after the specified head. * This is good for implementing stacks. */ static inline void list_add(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head) { __list_add(new, head, head->next); }
/** * list_add_tail - add a new entry * @new: new entry to be added * @head: list head to add it before * * Insert a new entry before the specified head. * This is useful for implementing queues. */ static inline void list_add_tail(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head) { __list_add(new, head->prev, head); }
static inline void __list_del(struct list_head * prev, struct list_head * next) { next->prev = prev; prev->next = next; }
被剔除下来的list，prev、next指针分别被设为LIST_POSITION2和LIST_POSITION1两个特殊值，这样设置是为了保证不在链表中的节点项不可访问--对LIST_POSITION1和LIST_POSITION2的访问都将引起页故障。
与之相对应，list_del_init()函数将节点从链表中解下来之后，调用LIST_INIT_HEAD()将节点置为空链状态。 /** * list_del - deletes entry from list. * @entry: the element to delete from the list. * Note: list_empty() on entry does not return true after this, the entry is * in an undefined state. */ #ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST static inline void list_del(struct list_head *entry) { __list_del(entry->prev, entry->next); entry->next = LIST_POISON1; entry->prev = LIST_POISON2; } #else extern void list_del(struct list_head *entry); #endif
static inline void list_replace(struct list_head *old, struct list_head *new) { new->next = old->next; new->next->prev = new; new->prev = old->prev; new->prev->next = new; } static inline void list_replace_init(struct list_head *old, struct list_head *new) { list_replace(old, new); INIT_LIST_HEAD(old); }
static inline void list_del_init(struct list_head *entry) { __list_del(entry->prev, entry->next); INIT_LIST_HEAD(entry); }
static inline void list_move(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head) { __list_del(list->prev, list->next); list_add(list, head); }
static inline void list_move_tail(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head) { __list_del(list->prev, list->next); list_add_tail(list, head); }
static inline int list_is_last(const struct list_head *list, const struct list_head *head) { return list->next == head; } /** * list_empty - tests whether a list is empty * @head: the list to test. */ static inline int list_empty(const struct list_head *head) { return head->next == head; }
static inline void __list_splice(const struct list_head *list, struct list_head *prev, struct list_head *next) { struct list_head *first = list->next; struct list_head *last = list->prev; first->prev = prev; prev->next = first; last->next = next; next->prev = last; } /** * list_splice - join two lists, this is designed for stacks * @list: the new list to add. * @head: the place to add it in the first list. */ static inline void list_splice(const struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head) { if (!list_empty(list)) __list_splice(list, head, head->next); }
static inline void list_splice_tail(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head) { if (!list_empty(list)) __list_splice(list, head->prev, head); }
static inline void list_splice_init(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head) { if (!list_empty(list)) { __list_splice(list, head, head->next); INIT_LIST_HEAD(list); } }
当list1被挂接到list2之后，作为原表头指针的list1的next、prev仍然指向原来的节点，为了避免引起混乱，Linux提供了一个list_splice_init()，在将list合并到head链表的基础上，调用INIT_LIST_HEAD(list)将list设置为空链。 /** * list_splice_tail_init - join two lists and reinitialise the emptied list * @list: the new list to add. * @head: the place to add it in the first list. * * Each of the lists is a queue. * The list at @list is reinitialised */ static inline void list_splice_tail_init(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head) { if (!list_empty(list)) { __list_splice(list, head->prev, head); INIT_LIST_HEAD(list); } }
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Linux链表中仅保存了数据项结构中list_head成员变量的地址，那么我们如何通过这个list_head成员访问到作为它的所有者的节点数据呢？
Linux为此提供了一个list_entry(ptr,type,member)宏，其中ptr是指向该数据中list_head成员的指针，也就是存储在链表中的地址值，type是数据项的类型，member则是数据项类型定义中list_head成员的变量名。
/** * list_entry - get the struct for this entry * @ptr: the &struct list_head pointer. * @type: the type of the struct this is embedded in. * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. */ #define list_entry(ptr, type, member) container_of(ptr, type, member)
/** * list_first_entry - get the first element from a list * @ptr: the list head to take the element from. * @type: the type of the struct this is embedded in. * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. * * Note, that list is expected to be not empty. */ #define list_first_entry(ptr, type, member) list_entry((ptr)->next, type, member)
/** * list_for_each - iterate over a list * @pos: the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor. * @head: the head for your list. */ #define list_for_each(pos, head) for (pos = (head)->next; prefetch(pos->next), pos != (head); pos = pos->next)
/** * __list_for_each - iterate over a list * @pos: the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor. * @head: the head for your list. * * This variant differs from list_for_each() in that it's the * simplest possible list iteration code, no prefetching is done. * Use this for code that knows the list to be very short (empty * or 1 entry) most of the time. */ #define __list_for_each(pos, head) for (pos = (head)->next; pos != (head); pos = pos->next) /** * list_for_each_prev - iterate over a list backwards * @pos: the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor. * @head: the head for your list. */ #define list_for_each_prev(pos, head) for (pos = (head)->prev; prefetch(pos->prev), pos != (head); pos = pos->prev)
/** * list_for_each_safe - iterate over a list safe against removal of list entry * @pos: the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor. * @n: another &struct list_head to use as temporary storage * @head: the head for your list. */ #define list_for_each_safe(pos, n, head) for (pos = (head)->next, n = pos->next; pos != (head); pos = n, n = pos->next) /** * list_for_each_prev_safe - iterate over a list backwards safe against removal of list entry * @pos: the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor. * @n: another &struct list_head to use as temporary storage * @head: the head for your list. */ #define list_for_each_prev_safe(pos, n, head) for (pos = (head)->prev, n = pos->prev; prefetch(pos->prev), pos != (head); pos = n, n = pos->prev)
/** * list_for_each_entry - iterate over list of given type * @pos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @head: the head for your list. * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. */ #define list_for_each_entry(pos, head, member) for (pos = list_entry((head)->next, typeof(*pos), member); prefetch(pos->member.next), &pos->member != (head); pos = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member))
/** * list_for_each_entry_reverse - iterate backwards over list of given type. * @pos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @head: the head for your list. * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. */ #define list_for_each_entry_reverse(pos, head, member) for (pos = list_entry((head)->prev, typeof(*pos), member); prefetch(pos->member.prev), &pos->member != (head); pos = list_entry(pos->member.prev, typeof(*pos), member))
/** * list_prepare_entry - prepare a pos entry for use in list_for_each_entry_continue() * @pos: the type * to use as a start point * @head: the head of the list * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. * * Prepares a pos entry for use as a start point in list_for_each_entry_continue(). */ #define list_prepare_entry(pos, head, member) ((pos) ? : list_entry(head, typeof(*pos), member)) /** * list_for_each_entry_continue - continue iteration over list of given type * @pos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @head: the head for your list. * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. * * Continue to iterate over list of given type, continuing after * the current position. */ #define list_for_each_entry_continue(pos, head, member) for (pos = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member); prefetch(pos->member.next), &pos->member != (head); pos = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member))
/** * list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse - iterate backwards from the given point * @pos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @head: the head for your list. * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. * * Start to iterate over list of given type backwards, continuing after * the current position. */ #define list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse(pos, head, member) for (pos = list_entry(pos->member.prev, typeof(*pos), member); prefetch(pos->member.prev), &pos->member != (head); pos = list_entry(pos->member.prev, typeof(*pos), member)) /** * list_for_each_entry_from - iterate over list of given type from the current point * @pos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @head: the head for your list. * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. * * Iterate over list of given type, continuing from current position. */ #define list_for_each_entry_from(pos, head, member) for (; prefetch(pos->member.next), &pos->member != (head); pos = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member))
/** * list_for_each_entry_safe - iterate over list of given type safe against removal of list entry * @pos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @n: another type * to use as temporary storage * @head: the head for your list. * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. */ #define list_for_each_entry_safe(pos, n, head, member) for (pos = list_entry((head)->next, typeof(*pos), member), n = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member); &pos->member != (head); pos = n, n = list_entry(n->member.next, typeof(*n), member)) /** * list_for_each_entry_safe_continue - continue list iteration safe against removal * @pos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @n: another type * to use as temporary storage * @head: the head for your list. * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. * * Iterate over list of given type, continuing after current point, * safe against removal of list entry. */ #define list_for_each_entry_safe_continue(pos, n, head, member) for (pos = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member), n = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member); &pos->member != (head); pos = n, n = list_entry(n->member.next, typeof(*n), member))
/** * list_for_each_entry_safe_from - iterate over list from current point safe against removal * @pos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @n: another type * to use as temporary storage * @head: the head for your list. * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. * * Iterate over list of given type from current point, safe against * removal of list entry. */ #define list_for_each_entry_safe_from(pos, n, head, member) for (n = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member); &pos->member != (head); pos = n, n = list_entry(n->member.next, typeof(*n), member)) /** * list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse - iterate backwards over list safe against removal * @pos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @n: another type * to use as temporary storage * @head: the head for your list. * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. * * Iterate backwards over list of given type, safe against removal * of list entry. */ #define list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse(pos, n, head, member) for (pos = list_entry((head)->prev, typeof(*pos), member), n = list_entry(pos->member.prev, typeof(*pos), member); &pos->member != (head); pos = n, n = list_entry(n->member.prev, typeof(*n), member))
/** * list_safe_reset_next - reset a stale list_for_each_entry_safe loop * @pos: the loop cursor used in the list_for_each_entry_safe loop * @n: temporary storage used in list_for_each_entry_safe * @member: the name of the list_struct within the struct. * * list_safe_reset_next is not safe to use in general if the list may be * modified concurrently (eg. the lock is dropped in the loop body). An * exception to this is if the cursor element (pos) is pinned in the list, * and list_safe_reset_next is called after re-taking the lock and before * completing the current iteration of the loop body. */ #define list_safe_reset_next(pos, n, member) n = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
双向链表--单指针，hlist
精益求精的Linux链表设计者（因为list.h没有署名，所以很可能就是Linus Torvalds）认为双头（next、prev）的双链表对于HASH表来说"过于浪费"，因而另行设计了一套用于HASH表应用的hlist数据结构--单指针表头双循环链表。
从上图可以看出，hlist的表头仅有一个指向首节点的指针，而没有指向尾节点的指针，这样在可能是海量的HASH表中存储的表头就能减少一半的空间消耗。
因为表头和节点的数据结构不同，插入操作如果发生在表头和首节点之间，以往的方法就行不通了：表头的first指针必须修改指向新插入的节点，却不能使用类似list_add()这样统一的描述。
为此，hlist节点的prev不再是指向前一个节点的指针，而是指向前一个节点（可能是表头）中的next（对于表头则是first）指针（struct list_head **pprev），从而在表头插入的操作可以通过一致的"*(node->pprev)"访问和修改前驱节点的next（或first）指针。
/* * Double linked lists with a single pointer list head. * Mostly useful for hash tables where the two pointer list head is * too wasteful. * You lose the ability to access the tail in O(1). */
* * Double linked lists with a single pointer list head. * Mostly useful for hash tables where the two pointer list head is * too wasteful. * You lose the ability to access the tail in O(1). */ struct hlist_head { struct hlist_node *first; }; struct hlist_node { struct hlist_node *next, **pprev; };
#define HLIST_HEAD_INIT { .first = NULL } #define HLIST_HEAD(name) struct hlist_head name = { .first = NULL } #define INIT_HLIST_HEAD(ptr) ((ptr)->first = NULL) static inline void INIT_HLIST_NODE(struct hlist_node *h) { h->next = NULL; h->pprev = NULL; } static inline int hlist_unhashed(const struct hlist_node *h) { return !h->pprev; } static inline int hlist_empty(const struct hlist_head *h) { return !h->first; }
static inline void __hlist_del(struct hlist_node *n) { struct hlist_node *next = n->next; struct hlist_node **pprev = n->pprev; *pprev = next; if (next) next->pprev = pprev; } static inline void hlist_del(struct hlist_node *n) { __hlist_del(n); n->next = LIST_POISON1; n->pprev = LIST_POISON2; } static inline void hlist_del_init(struct hlist_node *n) { if (!hlist_unhashed(n)) { __hlist_del(n); INIT_HLIST_NODE(n); } }
static inline void hlist_add_head(struct hlist_node *n, struct hlist_head *h) { struct hlist_node *first = h->first; n->next = first; if (first) first->pprev = &n->next; h->first = n; n->pprev = &h->first; } /* next must be != NULL */ static inline void hlist_add_before(struct hlist_node *n, struct hlist_node *next) { n->pprev = next->pprev; n->next = next; next->pprev = &n->next; *(n->pprev) = n; } static inline void hlist_add_after(struct hlist_node *n, struct hlist_node *next) { next->next = n->next; n->next = next; next->pprev = &n->next; if(next->next) next->next->pprev = &next->next; }
/* * Move a list from one list head to another. Fixup the pprev * reference of the first entry if it exists. */ static inline void hlist_move_list(struct hlist_head *old, struct hlist_head *new) { new->first = old->first; if (new->first) new->first->pprev = &new->first; old->first = NULL; }
#define hlist_entry(ptr, type, member) container_of(ptr,type,member) #define hlist_for_each(pos, head) for (pos = (head)->first; pos && ({ prefetch(pos->next); 1; }); pos = pos->next) #define hlist_for_each_safe(pos, n, head) for (pos = (head)->first; pos && ({ n = pos->next; 1; }); pos = n) /** * hlist_for_each_entry - iterate over list of given type * @tpos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @pos: the &struct hlist_node to use as a loop cursor. * @head: the head for your list. * @member: the name of the hlist_node within the struct. */ #define hlist_for_each_entry(tpos, pos, head, member) for (pos = (head)->first; pos && ({ prefetch(pos->next); 1;}) && ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1;}); pos = pos->next)
/** * hlist_for_each_entry_continue - iterate over a hlist continuing after current point * @tpos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @pos: the &struct hlist_node to use as a loop cursor. * @member: the name of the hlist_node within the struct. */ #define hlist_for_each_entry_continue(tpos, pos, member) for (pos = (pos)->next; pos && ({ prefetch(pos->next); 1;}) && ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1;}); pos = pos->next) /** * hlist_for_each_entry_from - iterate over a hlist continuing from current point * @tpos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @pos: the &struct hlist_node to use as a loop cursor. * @member: the name of the hlist_node within the struct. */ #define hlist_for_each_entry_from(tpos, pos, member) for (; pos && ({ prefetch(pos->next); 1;}) && ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1;}); pos = pos->next)
/** * hlist_for_each_entry_safe - iterate over list of given type safe against removal of list entry * @tpos: the type * to use as a loop cursor. * @pos: the &struct hlist_node to use as a loop cursor. * @n: another &struct hlist_node to use as temporary storage * @head: the head for your list. * @member: the name of the hlist_node within the struct. */ #define hlist_for_each_entry_safe(tpos, pos, n, head, member) for (pos = (head)->first; pos && ({ n = pos->next; 1; }) && ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1;}); pos = n)
安全性考虑
在并发执行的环境下，链表操作通常都应该考虑同步安全性问题，为了方便，Linux将这一操作留给应用自己处理。Linux链表自己考虑的安全性主要有两个方面：
a) list_empty()判断
基本的list_empty()仅以头指针的next是否指向自己来判断链表是否为空，Linux链表另行提供了一个list_empty_careful()宏，它同时判断头指针的next和prev，仅当两者都指向自己时才返回真。这主要是为了应付另一个cpu正在处理同一个链表而造成next、prev不一致的情况。但代码注释也承认，这一安全保障能力有限：除非其他cpu的链表操作只有list_del_init()，否则仍然不能保证安全，也就是说，还是需要加锁保护。
b) 遍历时节点删除
前面介绍了用于链表遍历的几个宏，它们都是通过移动pos指针来达到遍历的目的。但如果遍历的操作中包含删除pos指针所指向的节点，pos指针的移动就会被中断，因为list_del(pos)将把pos的next、prev置成LIST_POSITION2和LIST_POSITION1的特殊值。
当然，调用者完全可以自己缓存next指针使遍历操作能够连贯起来，但为了编程的一致性，Linux链表仍然提供了两个对应于基本遍历操作的"_safe"接口：list_for_each_safe(pos, n, head)、list_for_each_entry_safe(pos, n, head, member)，它们要求调用者另外提供一个与pos同类型的指针n，在for循环中暂存pos下一个节点的地址，避免因pos节点被释放而造成的断链。
附：
#define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t) &((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER) /** * container_of - cast a member of a structure out to the containing structure * @ptr: the pointer to the member. * @type: the type of the container struct this is embedded in. * @member: the name of the member within the struct. * */ #define container_of(ptr, type, member) (type *)((char *)ptr -offsetof(type,member))