1. quiz: Consider a circuit-switched network with N=100 users where each user is independently active with probability p=0.2 and when active, sends data at a rate of R=1Mbps. How much capacity must the network be provisioned withto guarantee service to all users?
answer: 100Mbps
20%是本题的干扰项,因为要保证所有用户的使用
2. quiz: Consider a packet-switched network with N=100 users where each user is independently active with probability p=0.2 and when active, sends data at a rate of R=1Mbps. What is the expected aggregate traffic sentby the users?
answer: 20Mbps
这里20%不是干扰项
3. quiz: Consider a network connecting hosts A and B through two routers R1 and R2 like this: A-------R1----------R2---------B. Does the queuing delay at R1 for a packet from A to B depend on the length of the link R1-R2?
answer: No, it doesn't
R2处的延迟与长度有关,R1与buffer有关,与长度无关
4. protocol layers
applications: supporting network applications
transport: process data transfer
network: routing of datagrams from source to destination
link: data transfer between neighboring network elements
physics: bits 'on the wire'
每层layer都取决于下面的layer,服务更上面的layer,layer与layer之间独立,传送时逐层下达,再逐层向上
layer的不同版本接口有所不同,决定了下面的level用什么protocol
只有一个IP layer
5. layering的优势: 更有保证
缺点有上面的level可能重复下面的level所包含的功能,信息的隐藏可能影响性能,headers过大,突然情况时会违反层的顺序(gains too great; network doesn't trust ends)
all layers must exist at host
6. quiz: What are two benefits of using a layered network model ? (Choose two)
answer: It makes iteasy to introduce new protocols; It prevents technology in one layer from affecting other layers
7. application layer
processes之间的交流通过Interprocess communication(IPC), 在同一个机器上拥有共享memory,机器之间需要sockets
socket帮助process发送及接受信息
8. 为了接收信息,process一定要有identifier,主机设备有唯一的32位IP地址
运行该进程的主机的IP地址是否足以识别该进程?答案是否定的,很多进程都可以在同一个主机上运行
identifier包含IP address以及port numbers/socket number
9. server: long-lived process; clients: short-lived process
10. P2P architecture(peer to peer), client之间交流不经过server
no always-on server; 任意终端系统直接通信;责任对称
优势为peers之间既寻求服务又提供服务;速度快;可靠;地理分布(? geographic distribution)
缺点为分散控制的基本问题(状态不稳定,没有共享的memory和clock;动作不稳定,如相互矛盾的决定);分布式算法很复杂
11. Internet transport protocols services
TCP service:发送与接受更稳定,flow control,congestion control网络过载时,定向连接(客户和服务器进程之间需要设置),主流选择
UDP service:不稳定但是速度更快(因为什么检查都不做)
12. quiz: TCP provides reliability while UDP dese not
HTTP(Hypertext Transport Protocol) use TCP, 这里client是提出请求的网页,server是web server, 同时HTTP是stateless的,即过去的请求不进行存储
13. HTTP messages有两种,分别为request与response
HTTP可以使protocol简单,但不是最有效的
14. 很多网站用到cookies,四个组成部分:
cookie header在HTTP的response message
cookie header在HTTP下一个request message
cookie文件保存在用户的主机上,由用户的浏览器管理
网站的后端数据库
#cookies不是HTTP,缺点是广告商也可以看到你的浏览记录
15. Page Load Time(PTL)是用户看到网页所花费时间,评估网页的重要指标
减少PTL的方法有:
减少要传输内容的大小
更改HTTP以更好的利用带宽
更改HTTP以避免相同内容的重复传送
缩短传输路径