• redis 数据持久化

    概述

    Redis的强大性能很大程度上都是因为所有数据都是存储在内存中的，然而当Redis重启后，所有存储在内存中的数据将会丢失，在很多情况下是无法容忍这样的事情的。所以，我们需要将内存中的数据持久化！典型的需要持久化数据的场景如下：

    • 将Redis作为数据库使用；
    • 将Redis作为缓存服务器使用，但是缓存miss后会对性能造成很大影响，所有缓存同时失效时会造成服务雪崩，无法响应。

    本文介绍Redis所支持的两种数据持久化方式。

    Redis数据持久化

    Redis支持两种数据持久化方式：RDB方式和AOF方式。前者会根据配置的规则定时将内存中的数据持久化到硬盘上，后者则是在每次执行写命令之后将命令记录下来。两种持久化方式可以单独使用，但是通常会将两者结合使用。

    RDB方式

    RDB方式的持久化是通过快照的方式完成的。当符合某种规则时，会将内存中的数据全量生成一份副本存储到硬盘上，这个过程称作”快照”，Redis会在以下几种情况下对数据进行快照：

    • 根据配置规则进行自动快照；
    • 用户执行SAVE, BGSAVE命令；
    • 执行FLUSHALL命令；
    • 执行复制（replication）时。

    执行快照的场景

    根据配置自动快照

    Redis允许用户自定义快照条件，当满足条件时自动执行快照，快照规则的配置方式如下：

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    save 900 1
    save 300 10
    save 60 10000

    每个快照条件独占一行，他们之间是或（||）关系，只要满足任何一个就进行快照。上面配置save后的第一个参数T是时间，单位是秒，第二个参数M是更改的键的个数，含义是：当时间T内被更改的键的个数大于M时，自动进行快照。比如save 900 1的含义是15分钟内(900s)被更改的键的个数大于1时，自动进行快照操作。

    执行SAVE或BGSAVE命令

    除了让Redis自动进行快照外，当我们需要重启，迁移，备份Redis时，我们也可以手动执行SAVE或BGSAVE命令主动进行快照操作。

    • SAVE命令：当执行SAVE命令时，Redis同步进行快照操作，期间会阻塞所有来自客户端的请求，所以放数据库数据较多时，应该避免使用该命令；
    • BGSAVE命令： 从命令名字就能看出来，这个命令与SAVE命令的区别就在于该命令的快照操作是在后台异步进行的，进行快照操作的同时还能处理来自客户端的请求。执行BGSAVE命令后Redis会马上返回OK表示开始进行快照操作，如果想知道快照操作是否已经完成，可以使用LASTSAVE命令返回最近一次成功执行快照的时间，返回结果是一个Unix时间戳。

    执行FLUSHALL命令

    当执行FLUSHALL命令时，Redis会清除数据库中的所有数据。需要注意的是：不论清空数据库的过程是否触发 了自动快照的条件，只要自动快照条件不为空，Redis就会执行一次快照操作，当没有定义自动快照条件时，执行FLUSHALL命令不会进行快照操作。

    执行复制

    当设置了主从模式时，Redis会在复制初始化是进行自动快照。

    快照原理

    Redis默认会将快照文件存储在Redis当前进程的工作目录的dump.rdb文件中，可以通过配置文件中的dir和dbfilename两个参数分别指定快照文件的存储路径和文件名，例如：

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    dbfilename dump.rdb
    dir /opt/soft/redis-3.0.4/cache

    快照执行的过程如下：

    1. Redis使用fork函数复制一份当前进程（父进程）的副本（子进程）；
    2. 父进程继续处理来自客户端的请求，子进程开始将内存中的数据写入硬盘中的临时文件；
    3. 当子进程写完所有的数据后，用该临时文件替换旧的RDB文件，至此，一次快照操作完成。

    需要注意的是：

    在执行fork是时候操作系统（类Unix操作系统）会使用写时复制（copy-on-write）策略，即fork函数发生的一刻，父进程和子进程共享同一块内存数据，当父进程需要修改其中的某片数据（如执行写命令）时，操作系统会将该片数据复制一份以保证子进程不受影响，所以RDB文件存储的是执行fork操作那一刻的内存数据。所以RDB方式理论上是会存在丢数据的情况的(fork之后修改的的那些没有写进RDB文件)。

    通过上述的介绍可以知道，快照进行时时不会修改RDB文件的，只有完成的时候才会用临时文件替换老的RDB文件，所以就保证任何时候RDB文件的都是完整的。这使得我们可以通过定时备份RDB文件来实现Redis数据的备份。RDB文件是经过压缩处理的二进制文件，所以占用的空间会小于内存中数据的大小，更有利于传输。

    Redis启动时会自动读取RDB快照文件，将数据从硬盘载入到内存，根据数量的不同，这个过程持续的时间也不尽相同，通常来讲，一个记录1000万个字符串类型键，大小为1GB的快照文件载入到内存需要20-30秒的时间。

    示例

    下面演示RDB方式持久化，首先使用配置有如下快照规则：

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    save 900 1
    save 300 10
    save 60 10000
    dbfilename dump.rdb
    dir /opt/soft/redis-3.0.4/cache

    的配置文件/opt/soft/redis-3.0.4/conf/redis.conf启动Redis服务：

    然后通过客户端设置一个键值：

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    [qifuguang@Mac~]$ /opt/soft/redis-3.0.4/src/redis-cli -p 6379
    127.0.0.1:6379> set test-rdb HelloWorld
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379> get test-rdb
    "HelloWorld"
    127.0.0.1:6379>

    现在强行kill Redis服务：

    现在到/opt/soft/redis-3.0.4/cache目录看，目录下出现了Redis的快照文件dump.rdb：

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    [qifuguang@Mac/opt/soft/redis-3.0.4/cache]$ ls
    dump.rdb

    现在重新启动Redis：

    然后再用客户端连接，检查之前设置的key是否还存在：

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    [qifuguang@Mac~]$ /opt/soft/redis-3.0.4/src/redis-cli -p 6379
    127.0.0.1:6379> get test-rdb
    "HelloWorld"
    127.0.0.1:6379>

    可以发现，之前设置的key在Redis重启之后又通过快照文件dump.rdb恢复了。

    AOF方式

    在使用Redis存储非临时数据时，一般都需要打开AOF持久化来降低进程终止导致的数据丢失，AOF可以将Redis执行的每一条写命令追加到硬盘文件中，这已过程显然会降低Redis的性能，但是大部分情况下这个影响是可以接受的，另外，使用较快的硬盘能提高AOF的性能。

    开启AOF

    默认情况下，Redis没有开启AOF（append only file）持久化功能，可以通过在配置文件中作如下配置启用：

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    appendonly yes

    开启之后，Redis每执行一条写命令就会将该命令写入硬盘中的AOF文件。AOF文件保存路径和RDB文件路径是一致的，都是通过dir参数配置，默认文件名是：appendonly.aof，可以通过配置appendonlyfilename参数修改，例如：

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    appendonlyfilename appendonly.aof

    AOF持久化的实现

    AOF纯文本的形式记录了Redis执行的写命令，例如在开启AOF持久化的情况下执行如下命令：

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    [qifuguang@Mac/opt/soft/redis-3.0.4]$ ./src/redis-cli
    127.0.0.1:6379>
    127.0.0.1:6379>
    127.0.0.1:6379>
    127.0.0.1:6379> set aof1 value1
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379> set aof2 value2
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379>

    然后查看/opt/soft/redis-3.0.4/cache/appendonly.aof文件：

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    [qifuguang@Mac/opt/soft/redis-3.0.4/cache]$ cat appendonly.aof
    *2
    $6
    SELECT
    $1
    0
    *3
    $3
    set
    $4
    aof1
    $6
    value1
    *3
    $3
    set
    $4
    aof2
    $6
    value2

    文件中的内容正是Redis刚才执行的命令的内容，内容的格式就先不展开叙述了。

    AOF文件重写

    假设Redis执行了如下命令：

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    [qifuguang@Mac/opt/soft/redis-3.0.4]$ ./src/redis-cli
    127.0.0.1:6379>
    127.0.0.1:6379>
    127.0.0.1:6379>
    127.0.0.1:6379> set k v1
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379> set k v2
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379> set k v3
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379>

    如果这所有的命令都写到AOF文件的话，将是一个比较蠢行为，因为前面两个命令会被第三个命令覆盖，所以AOF文件完全不需要保存前面两个文件，事实上Redis确实就是这么做的。删除AOF文件中无用的命令的过程成为”AOF重写”，AOF重写可以在配置文件中做相应的配置，当满足配置的条件时，自动进行AOF重写操作。配置如下：

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    auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100
    auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb

    第一行的意思是，目前的AOF文件的大小超过上一次重写时的AOF文件的百分之多少时再次进行重写，如果之前没有重写过，则以启动时AOF文件大小为依据。
    第二行的意思是，当AOF文件的大小大于64MB时才进行重写，因为如果AOF文件本来就很小时，有几个无效的命令也是无伤大雅的事情。
    这两个配置项通常一起使用。

    我们还可以手动执行BDREWRITEAOF命令主动让Redis重写AOF文件，执行重写命令之后查看现在的AOF文件：

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    [qifuguang@Mac/opt/soft/redis-3.0.4]$ cat cache/appendonly.aof
    *2
    $6
    SELECT
    $1
    0
    *3
    $3
    SET
    $4
    aof2
    $6
    value2
    *3
    $3
    SET
    $1
    k
    $2
    v3
    *3
    $3
    SET
    $4
    aof1
    $6
    value1

    可以看到，文件中并没有再记录set k v1这样的无效命令。

    同步硬盘数据

    虽然每次执行更改数据库的内容时，AOF都会记录执行的命令，但是由于操作系统本身的硬盘缓存的缘故，AOF文件的内容并没有真正地写入硬盘，在默认情况下，操作系统会每隔30s将硬盘缓存中的数据同步到硬盘，但是为了防止系统异常退出而导致丢数据的情况发生，我们还可以在Redis的配置文件中配置这个同步的频率：

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    # appendfsync always
    appendfsync everysec
    # appendfsync no

    第一行表示每次AOF写入一个命令都会执行同步操作，这是最安全也是最慢的方式；
    第二行表示每秒钟进行一次同步操作，一般来说使用这种方式已经足够；
    第三行表示不主动进行同步操作，这是最不安全的方式。

    =========================================================================

    1、快照（snapshots）

    　　缺省情况情况下，Redis把数据快照存放在磁盘上的二进制文件中，文件名为dump.rdb。你可以配置Redis的持久化策略，例如数据集中每N秒钟有超过M次更新，就将数据写入磁盘；或者你可以手工调用命令SAVE或BGSAVE。

    数据保存的目录：

    工作原理

    • Redis forks.
    • 子进程开始将数据写到临时RDB文件中。
    • 当子进程完成写RDB文件，用新文件替换老文件。
    • 这种方式可以使Redis使用copy-on-write技术。

    2、APPEND ONLY MODE（AOF）

    快照模式并不十分健壮，当系统停止，或者无意中Redis被kill掉，最后写入Redis的数据就会丢失。这对某些应用也许不是大问题，但对于要求高可靠性的应用来说，Redis就不是一个合适的选择。
    Append-only文件模式是另一种选择。
    你可以在配置文件中打开AOF模式：

    选项：

    　　1、appendfsync no

    　　当设置appendfsync为no的时候，Redis不会主动调用fsync去将AOF日志内容同步到磁盘，所以这一切就完全依赖于操作系统的调试了。对大多数Linux操作系统，是每30秒进行一次fsync，将缓冲区中的数据写到磁盘上。

    　　2、appendfsync everysec

    当设置appendfsync为everysec的时候，Redis会默认每隔一秒进行一次fsync调用，将缓冲区中的数据写到磁盘。但是当这一 次的fsync调用时长超过1秒时。Redis会采取延迟fsync的策略，再等一秒钟。也就是在两秒后再进行fsync，这一次的fsync就不管会执行多长时间都会进行。这时候由于在fsync时文件描述符会被阻塞，所以当前的写操作就会阻塞。

    所以，结论就是：在绝大多数情况下，Redis会每隔一秒进行一次fsync。在最坏的情况下，两秒钟会进行一次fsync操作。

    这一操作在大多数数据库系统中被称为group commit，就是组合多次写操作的数据，一次性将日志写到磁盘。

    　　3、appednfsync always

    当设置appendfsync为always时，每一次写操作都会调用一次fsync，这时数据是最安全的，当然，由于每次都会执行fsync，所以其性能也会受到影响

     　　建议采用 appendfsync everysec（缺省方式）

    　　快照模式可以和AOF模式同时开启，互补影响

    3、AOF重写

    AOF文件是可识别的纯文本，它的内容就是一个个的Redis标准命令,
    AOF日志也不是完全按客户端的请求来生成日志的，比如命令 INCRBYFLOAT 在记AOF日志时就被记成一条SET记录，因为浮点数操作可能在不同的系统上会不同，所以为了避免同一份日志在不同的系统上生成不同的数据集，所以这里只将操作后的结果通过SET来记录。

    每一条写命令都生成一条日志,AOF文件会很大。

    AOF重写是重新生成一份AOF文件，新的AOF文件中一条记录的操作只会有一次，而不像一份老文件那样，可能记录了对同一个值的多次操作。其生成过程和RDB类似，也是fork一个进程，直接遍历数据，写入新的AOF临时文件。在写入新文件的过程中，所有的写操作日志还是会写到原来老的 AOF文件中，同时还会记录在内存缓冲区中。当重完操作完成后，会将所有缓冲区中的日志一次性写入到临时文件中。然后调用原子性的rename命令用新的 AOF文件取代老的AOF文件

     命令：BGREWRITEAOF， 我们应该经常调用这个命令来来重写

    数据恢复：

    • 如果只配置AOF,重启时加载AOF文件恢复数据；
    • 如果同时 配置了RBD和AOF,启动是只加载AOF文件恢复数据;
    • 如果只配置RBD,启动是讲加载dump文件恢复数据。

     参考：http://www.iteye.com/news/24675

    　　　http://www.imsiren.com/archives/982

    写数据的流程：

    1. 客户端向服务端发送写操作（数据在客户端的内存中）。
    2. 数据库服务端接收到写请求的数据（数据在服务端的内存中）。
    3. 服务端调用write这个系统调用，将数据往磁盘上写（数据在系统内存的缓冲区中）。
    4. 操作系统将缓冲区中的数据转移到磁盘控制器上（数据在磁盘缓存中）。
    5. 磁盘控制器将数据写到磁盘的物理介质中（数据真正落到磁盘上）。

    附录：

    redis默认配置文件

    复制代码
    # Redis configuration file example

# Note on units: when memory size is needed, it is possible to specify
# it in the usual form of 1k 5GB 4M and so forth:
#
# 1k => 1000 bytes
# 1kb => 1024 bytes
# 1m => 1000000 bytes
# 1mb => 1024*1024 bytes
# 1g => 1000000000 bytes
# 1gb => 1024*1024*1024 bytes
#
# units are case insensitive so 1GB 1Gb 1gB are all the same.

################################## INCLUDES ###################################

# Include one or more other config files here.  This is useful if you
# have a standard template that goes to all Redis servers but also need
# to customize a few per-server settings.  Include files can include
# other files, so use this wisely.
#
# Notice option "include" won't be rewritten by command "CONFIG REWRITE"
# from admin or Redis Sentinel. Since Redis always uses the last processed
# line as value of a configuration directive, you'd better put includes
# at the beginning of this file to avoid overwriting config change at runtime.
#
# If instead you are interested in using includes to override configuration
# options, it is better to use include as the last line.
#
# include /path/to/local.conf
# include /path/to/other.conf

################################ GENERAL  #####################################

# By default Redis does not run as a daemon. Use 'yes' if you need it.
# Note that Redis will write a pid file in /var/run/redis.pid when daemonized.
daemonize no

# When running daemonized, Redis writes a pid file in /var/run/redis.pid by
# default. You can specify a custom pid file location here.
pidfile /var/run/redis.pid

# Accept connections on the specified port, default is 6379.
# If port 0 is specified Redis will not listen on a TCP socket.
port 6379

# TCP listen() backlog.
#
# In high requests-per-second environments you need an high backlog in order
# to avoid slow clients connections issues. Note that the Linux kernel
# will silently truncate it to the value of /proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn so
# make sure to raise both the value of somaxconn and tcp_max_syn_backlog
# in order to get the desired effect.
tcp-backlog 511

# By default Redis listens for connections from all the network interfaces
# available on the server. It is possible to listen to just one or multiple
# interfaces using the "bind" configuration directive, followed by one or
# more IP addresses.
#
# Examples:
#
# bind 192.168.1.100 10.0.0.1
# bind 127.0.0.1

# Specify the path for the Unix socket that will be used to listen for
# incoming connections. There is no default, so Redis will not listen
# on a unix socket when not specified.
#
# unixsocket /tmp/redis.sock
# unixsocketperm 700

# Close the connection after a client is idle for N seconds (0 to disable)
timeout 0

# TCP keepalive.
#
# If non-zero, use SO_KEEPALIVE to send TCP ACKs to clients in absence
# of communication. This is useful for two reasons:
#
# 1) Detect dead peers.
# 2) Take the connection alive from the point of view of network
#    equipment in the middle.
#
# On Linux, the specified value (in seconds) is the period used to send ACKs.
# Note that to close the connection the double of the time is needed.
# On other kernels the period depends on the kernel configuration.
#
# A reasonable value for this option is 60 seconds.
tcp-keepalive 0

# Specify the server verbosity level.
# This can be one of:
# debug (a lot of information, useful for development/testing)
# verbose (many rarely useful info, but not a mess like the debug level)
# notice (moderately verbose, what you want in production probably)
# warning (only very important / critical messages are logged)
loglevel notice

# Specify the log file name. Also the empty string can be used to force
# Redis to log on the standard output. Note that if you use standard
# output for logging but daemonize, logs will be sent to /dev/null
logfile ""

# To enable logging to the system logger, just set 'syslog-enabled' to yes,
# and optionally update the other syslog parameters to suit your needs.
# syslog-enabled no

# Specify the syslog identity.
# syslog-ident redis

# Specify the syslog facility. Must be USER or between LOCAL0-LOCAL7.
# syslog-facility local0

# Set the number of databases. The default database is DB 0, you can select
# a different one on a per-connection basis using SELECT <dbid> where
# dbid is a number between 0 and 'databases'-1
databases 16

################################ SNAPSHOTTING  ################################
#
# Save the DB on disk:
#
#   save <seconds> <changes>
#
#   Will save the DB if both the given number of seconds and the given
#   number of write operations against the DB occurred.
#
#   In the example below the behaviour will be to save:
#   after 900 sec (15 min) if at least 1 key changed
#   after 300 sec (5 min) if at least 10 keys changed
#   after 60 sec if at least 10000 keys changed
#
#   Note: you can disable saving completely by commenting out all "save" lines.
#
#   It is also possible to remove all the previously configured save
#   points by adding a save directive with a single empty string argument
#   like in the following example:
#
#   save ""

save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000

# By default Redis will stop accepting writes if RDB snapshots are enabled
# (at least one save point) and the latest background save failed.
# This will make the user aware (in a hard way) that data is not persisting
# on disk properly, otherwise chances are that no one will notice and some
# disaster will happen.
#
# If the background saving process will start working again Redis will
# automatically allow writes again.
#
# However if you have setup your proper monitoring of the Redis server
# and persistence, you may want to disable this feature so that Redis will
# continue to work as usual even if there are problems with disk,
# permissions, and so forth.
stop-writes-on-bgsave-error yes

# Compress string objects using LZF when dump .rdb databases?
# For default that's set to 'yes' as it's almost always a win.
# If you want to save some CPU in the saving child set it to 'no' but
# the dataset will likely be bigger if you have compressible values or keys.
rdbcompression yes

# Since version 5 of RDB a CRC64 checksum is placed at the end of the file.
# This makes the format more resistant to corruption but there is a performance
# hit to pay (around 10%) when saving and loading RDB files, so you can disable it
# for maximum performances.
#
# RDB files created with checksum disabled have a checksum of zero that will
# tell the loading code to skip the check.
rdbchecksum yes

# The filename where to dump the DB
dbfilename dump.rdb

# The working directory.
#
# The DB will be written inside this directory, with the filename specified
# above using the 'dbfilename' configuration directive.
#
# The Append Only File will also be created inside this directory.
#
# Note that you must specify a directory here, not a file name.
dir ./

################################# REPLICATION #################################

# Master-Slave replication. Use slaveof to make a Redis instance a copy of
# another Redis server. A few things to understand ASAP about Redis replication.
#
# 1) Redis replication is asynchronous, but you can configure a master to
#    stop accepting writes if it appears to be not connected with at least
#    a given number of slaves.
# 2) Redis slaves are able to perform a partial resynchronization with the
#    master if the replication link is lost for a relatively small amount of
#    time. You may want to configure the replication backlog size (see the next
#    sections of this file) with a sensible value depending on your needs.
# 3) Replication is automatic and does not need user intervention. After a
#    network partition slaves automatically try to reconnect to masters
#    and resynchronize with them.
#
# slaveof <masterip> <masterport>

# If the master is password protected (using the "requirepass" configuration
# directive below) it is possible to tell the slave to authenticate before
# starting the replication synchronization process, otherwise the master will
# refuse the slave request.
#
# masterauth <master-password>

# When a slave loses its connection with the master, or when the replication
# is still in progress, the slave can act in two different ways:
#
# 1) if slave-serve-stale-data is set to 'yes' (the default) the slave will
#    still reply to client requests, possibly with out of date data, or the
#    data set may just be empty if this is the first synchronization.
#
# 2) if slave-serve-stale-data is set to 'no' the slave will reply with
#    an error "SYNC with master in progress" to all the kind of commands
#    but to INFO and SLAVEOF.
#
slave-serve-stale-data yes

# You can configure a slave instance to accept writes or not. Writing against
# a slave instance may be useful to store some ephemeral data (because data
# written on a slave will be easily deleted after resync with the master) but
# may also cause problems if clients are writing to it because of a
# misconfiguration.
#
# Since Redis 2.6 by default slaves are read-only.
#
# Note: read only slaves are not designed to be exposed to untrusted clients
# on the internet. It's just a protection layer against misuse of the instance.
# Still a read only slave exports by default all the administrative commands
# such as CONFIG, DEBUG, and so forth. To a limited extent you can improve
# security of read only slaves using 'rename-command' to shadow all the
# administrative / dangerous commands.
slave-read-only yes

# Replication SYNC strategy: disk or socket.
#
# -------------------------------------------------------
# WARNING: DISKLESS REPLICATION IS EXPERIMENTAL CURRENTLY
# -------------------------------------------------------
#
# New slaves and reconnecting slaves that are not able to continue the replication
# process just receiving differences, need to do what is called a "full
# synchronization". An RDB file is transmitted from the master to the slaves.
# The transmission can happen in two different ways:
#
# 1) Disk-backed: The Redis master creates a new process that writes the RDB
#                 file on disk. Later the file is transferred by the parent
#                 process to the slaves incrementally.
# 2) Diskless: The Redis master creates a new process that directly writes the
#              RDB file to slave sockets, without touching the disk at all.
#
# With disk-backed replication, while the RDB file is generated, more slaves
# can be queued and served with the RDB file as soon as the current child producing
# the RDB file finishes its work. With diskless replication instead once
# the transfer starts, new slaves arriving will be queued and a new transfer
# will start when the current one terminates.
#
# When diskless replication is used, the master waits a configurable amount of
# time (in seconds) before starting the transfer in the hope that multiple slaves
# will arrive and the transfer can be parallelized.
#
# With slow disks and fast (large bandwidth) networks, diskless replication
# works better.
repl-diskless-sync no

# When diskless replication is enabled, it is possible to configure the delay
# the server waits in order to spawn the child that trnasfers the RDB via socket
# to the slaves.
#
# This is important since once the transfer starts, it is not possible to serve
# new slaves arriving, that will be queued for the next RDB transfer, so the server
# waits a delay in order to let more slaves arrive.
#
# The delay is specified in seconds, and by default is 5 seconds. To disable
# it entirely just set it to 0 seconds and the transfer will start ASAP.
repl-diskless-sync-delay 5

# Slaves send PINGs to server in a predefined interval. It's possible to change
# this interval with the repl_ping_slave_period option. The default value is 10
# seconds.
#
# repl-ping-slave-period 10

# The following option sets the replication timeout for:
#
# 1) Bulk transfer I/O during SYNC, from the point of view of slave.
# 2) Master timeout from the point of view of slaves (data, pings).
# 3) Slave timeout from the point of view of masters (REPLCONF ACK pings).
#
# It is important to make sure that this value is greater than the value
# specified for repl-ping-slave-period otherwise a timeout will be detected
# every time there is low traffic between the master and the slave.
#
# repl-timeout 60

# Disable TCP_NODELAY on the slave socket after SYNC?
#
# If you select "yes" Redis will use a smaller number of TCP packets and
# less bandwidth to send data to slaves. But this can add a delay for
# the data to appear on the slave side, up to 40 milliseconds with
# Linux kernels using a default configuration.
#
# If you select "no" the delay for data to appear on the slave side will
# be reduced but more bandwidth will be used for replication.
#
# By default we optimize for low latency, but in very high traffic conditions
# or when the master and slaves are many hops away, turning this to "yes" may
# be a good idea.
repl-disable-tcp-nodelay no

# Set the replication backlog size. The backlog is a buffer that accumulates
# slave data when slaves are disconnected for some time, so that when a slave
# wants to reconnect again, often a full resync is not needed, but a partial
# resync is enough, just passing the portion of data the slave missed while
# disconnected.
#
# The bigger the replication backlog, the longer the time the slave can be
# disconnected and later be able to perform a partial resynchronization.
#
# The backlog is only allocated once there is at least a slave connected.
#
# repl-backlog-size 1mb

# After a master has no longer connected slaves for some time, the backlog
# will be freed. The following option configures the amount of seconds that
# need to elapse, starting from the time the last slave disconnected, for
# the backlog buffer to be freed.
#
# A value of 0 means to never release the backlog.
#
# repl-backlog-ttl 3600

# The slave priority is an integer number published by Redis in the INFO output.
# It is used by Redis Sentinel in order to select a slave to promote into a
# master if the master is no longer working correctly.
#
# A slave with a low priority number is considered better for promotion, so
# for instance if there are three slaves with priority 10, 100, 25 Sentinel will
# pick the one with priority 10, that is the lowest.
#
# However a special priority of 0 marks the slave as not able to perform the
# role of master, so a slave with priority of 0 will never be selected by
# Redis Sentinel for promotion.
#
# By default the priority is 100.
slave-priority 100

# It is possible for a master to stop accepting writes if there are less than
# N slaves connected, having a lag less or equal than M seconds.
#
# The N slaves need to be in "online" state.
#
# The lag in seconds, that must be <= the specified value, is calculated from
# the last ping received from the slave, that is usually sent every second.
#
# This option does not GUARANTEE that N replicas will accept the write, but
# will limit the window of exposure for lost writes in case not enough slaves
# are available, to the specified number of seconds.
#
# For example to require at least 3 slaves with a lag <= 10 seconds use:
#
# min-slaves-to-write 3
# min-slaves-max-lag 10
#
# Setting one or the other to 0 disables the feature.
#
# By default min-slaves-to-write is set to 0 (feature disabled) and
# min-slaves-max-lag is set to 10.

################################## SECURITY ###################################

# Require clients to issue AUTH <PASSWORD> before processing any other
# commands.  This might be useful in environments in which you do not trust
# others with access to the host running redis-server.
#
# This should stay commented out for backward compatibility and because most
# people do not need auth (e.g. they run their own servers).
#
# Warning: since Redis is pretty fast an outside user can try up to
# 150k passwords per second against a good box. This means that you should
# use a very strong password otherwise it will be very easy to break.
#
# requirepass foobared

# Command renaming.
#
# It is possible to change the name of dangerous commands in a shared
# environment. For instance the CONFIG command may be renamed into something
# hard to guess so that it will still be available for internal-use tools
# but not available for general clients.
#
# Example:
#
# rename-command CONFIG b840fc02d524045429941cc15f59e41cb7be6c52
#
# It is also possible to completely kill a command by renaming it into
# an empty string:
#
# rename-command CONFIG ""
#
# Please note that changing the name of commands that are logged into the
# AOF file or transmitted to slaves may cause problems.

################################### LIMITS ####################################

# Set the max number of connected clients at the same time. By default
# this limit is set to 10000 clients, however if the Redis server is not
# able to configure the process file limit to allow for the specified limit
# the max number of allowed clients is set to the current file limit
# minus 32 (as Redis reserves a few file descriptors for internal uses).
#
# Once the limit is reached Redis will close all the new connections sending
# an error 'max number of clients reached'.
#
# maxclients 10000

# Don't use more memory than the specified amount of bytes.
# When the memory limit is reached Redis will try to remove keys
# according to the eviction policy selected (see maxmemory-policy).
#
# If Redis can't remove keys according to the policy, or if the policy is
# set to 'noeviction', Redis will start to reply with errors to commands
# that would use more memory, like SET, LPUSH, and so on, and will continue
# to reply to read-only commands like GET.
#
# This option is usually useful when using Redis as an LRU cache, or to set
# a hard memory limit for an instance (using the 'noeviction' policy).
#
# WARNING: If you have slaves attached to an instance with maxmemory on,
# the size of the output buffers needed to feed the slaves are subtracted
# from the used memory count, so that network problems / resyncs will
# not trigger a loop where keys are evicted, and in turn the output
# buffer of slaves is full with DELs of keys evicted triggering the deletion
# of more keys, and so forth until the database is completely emptied.
#
# In short... if you have slaves attached it is suggested that you set a lower
# limit for maxmemory so that there is some free RAM on the system for slave
# output buffers (but this is not needed if the policy is 'noeviction').
#
# maxmemory <bytes>

# MAXMEMORY POLICY: how Redis will select what to remove when maxmemory
# is reached. You can select among five behaviors:
#
# volatile-lru -> remove the key with an expire set using an LRU algorithm
# allkeys-lru -> remove any key according to the LRU algorithm
# volatile-random -> remove a random key with an expire set
# allkeys-random -> remove a random key, any key
# volatile-ttl -> remove the key with the nearest expire time (minor TTL)
# noeviction -> don't expire at all, just return an error on write operations
#
# Note: with any of the above policies, Redis will return an error on write
#       operations, when there are no suitable keys for eviction.
#
#       At the date of writing these commands are: set setnx setex append
#       incr decr rpush lpush rpushx lpushx linsert lset rpoplpush sadd
#       sinter sinterstore sunion sunionstore sdiff sdiffstore zadd zincrby
#       zunionstore zinterstore hset hsetnx hmset hincrby incrby decrby
#       getset mset msetnx exec sort
#
# The default is:
#
# maxmemory-policy volatile-lru

# LRU and minimal TTL algorithms are not precise algorithms but approximated
# algorithms (in order to save memory), so you can select as well the sample
# size to check. For instance for default Redis will check three keys and
# pick the one that was used less recently, you can change the sample size
# using the following configuration directive.
#
# maxmemory-samples 3

############################## APPEND ONLY MODE ###############################

# By default Redis asynchronously dumps the dataset on disk. This mode is
# good enough in many applications, but an issue with the Redis process or
# a power outage may result into a few minutes of writes lost (depending on
# the configured save points).
#
# The Append Only File is an alternative persistence mode that provides
# much better durability. For instance using the default data fsync policy
# (see later in the config file) Redis can lose just one second of writes in a
# dramatic event like a server power outage, or a single write if something
# wrong with the Redis process itself happens, but the operating system is
# still running correctly.
#
# AOF and RDB persistence can be enabled at the same time without problems.
# If the AOF is enabled on startup Redis will load the AOF, that is the file
# with the better durability guarantees.
#
# Please check http://redis.io/topics/persistence for more information.

appendonly no

# The name of the append only file (default: "appendonly.aof")

appendfilename "appendonly.aof"

# The fsync() call tells the Operating System to actually write data on disk
# instead of waiting for more data in the output buffer. Some OS will really flush
# data on disk, some other OS will just try to do it ASAP.
#
# Redis supports three different modes:
#
# no: don't fsync, just let the OS flush the data when it wants. Faster.
# always: fsync after every write to the append only log. Slow, Safest.
# everysec: fsync only one time every second. Compromise.
#
# The default is "everysec", as that's usually the right compromise between
# speed and data safety. It's up to you to understand if you can relax this to
# "no" that will let the operating system flush the output buffer when
# it wants, for better performances (but if you can live with the idea of
# some data loss consider the default persistence mode that's snapshotting),
# or on the contrary, use "always" that's very slow but a bit safer than
# everysec.
#
# More details please check the following article:
# http://antirez.com/post/redis-persistence-demystified.html
#
# If unsure, use "everysec".

# appendfsync always
appendfsync everysec
# appendfsync no

# When the AOF fsync policy is set to always or everysec, and a background
# saving process (a background save or AOF log background rewriting) is
# performing a lot of I/O against the disk, in some Linux configurations
# Redis may block too long on the fsync() call. Note that there is no fix for
# this currently, as even performing fsync in a different thread will block
# our synchronous write(2) call.
#
# In order to mitigate this problem it's possible to use the following option
# that will prevent fsync() from being called in the main process while a
# BGSAVE or BGREWRITEAOF is in progress.
#
# This means that while another child is saving, the durability of Redis is
# the same as "appendfsync none". In practical terms, this means that it is
# possible to lose up to 30 seconds of log in the worst scenario (with the
# default Linux settings).
#
# If you have latency problems turn this to "yes". Otherwise leave it as
# "no" that is the safest pick from the point of view of durability.

no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no

# Automatic rewrite of the append only file.
# Redis is able to automatically rewrite the log file implicitly calling
# BGREWRITEAOF when the AOF log size grows by the specified percentage.
#
# This is how it works: Redis remembers the size of the AOF file after the
# latest rewrite (if no rewrite has happened since the restart, the size of
# the AOF at startup is used).
#
# This base size is compared to the current size. If the current size is
# bigger than the specified percentage, the rewrite is triggered. Also
# you need to specify a minimal size for the AOF file to be rewritten, this
# is useful to avoid rewriting the AOF file even if the percentage increase
# is reached but it is still pretty small.
#
# Specify a percentage of zero in order to disable the automatic AOF
# rewrite feature.

auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb

# An AOF file may be found to be truncated at the end during the Redis
# startup process, when the AOF data gets loaded back into memory.
# This may happen when the system where Redis is running
# crashes, especially when an ext4 filesystem is mounted without the
# data=ordered option (however this can't happen when Redis itself
# crashes or aborts but the operating system still works correctly).
#
# Redis can either exit with an error when this happens, or load as much
# data as possible (the default now) and start if the AOF file is found
# to be truncated at the end. The following option controls this behavior.
#
# If aof-load-truncated is set to yes, a truncated AOF file is loaded and
# the Redis server starts emitting a log to inform the user of the event.
# Otherwise if the option is set to no, the server aborts with an error
# and refuses to start. When the option is set to no, the user requires
# to fix the AOF file using the "redis-check-aof" utility before to restart
# the server.
#
# Note that if the AOF file will be found to be corrupted in the middle
# the server will still exit with an error. This option only applies when
# Redis will try to read more data from the AOF file but not enough bytes
# will be found.
aof-load-truncated yes

################################ LUA SCRIPTING  ###############################

# Max execution time of a Lua script in milliseconds.
#
# If the maximum execution time is reached Redis will log that a script is
# still in execution after the maximum allowed time and will start to
# reply to queries with an error.
#
# When a long running script exceeds the maximum execution time only the
# SCRIPT KILL and SHUTDOWN NOSAVE commands are available. The first can be
# used to stop a script that did not yet called write commands. The second
# is the only way to shut down the server in the case a write command was
# already issued by the script but the user doesn't want to wait for the natural
# termination of the script.
#
# Set it to 0 or a negative value for unlimited execution without warnings.
lua-time-limit 5000

################################## SLOW LOG ###################################

# The Redis Slow Log is a system to log queries that exceeded a specified
# execution time. The execution time does not include the I/O operations
# like talking with the client, sending the reply and so forth,
# but just the time needed to actually execute the command (this is the only
# stage of command execution where the thread is blocked and can not serve
# other requests in the meantime).
#
# You can configure the slow log with two parameters: one tells Redis
# what is the execution time, in microseconds, to exceed in order for the
# command to get logged, and the other parameter is the length of the
# slow log. When a new command is logged the oldest one is removed from the
# queue of logged commands.

# The following time is expressed in microseconds, so 1000000 is equivalent
# to one second. Note that a negative number disables the slow log, while
# a value of zero forces the logging of every command.
slowlog-log-slower-than 10000

# There is no limit to this length. Just be aware that it will consume memory.
# You can reclaim memory used by the slow log with SLOWLOG RESET.
slowlog-max-len 128

################################ LATENCY MONITOR ##############################

# The Redis latency monitoring subsystem samples different operations
# at runtime in order to collect data related to possible sources of
# latency of a Redis instance.
#
# Via the LATENCY command this information is available to the user that can
# print graphs and obtain reports.
#
# The system only logs operations that were performed in a time equal or
# greater than the amount of milliseconds specified via the
# latency-monitor-threshold configuration directive. When its value is set
# to zero, the latency monitor is turned off.
#
# By default latency monitoring is disabled since it is mostly not needed
# if you don't have latency issues, and collecting data has a performance
# impact, that while very small, can be measured under big load. Latency
# monitoring can easily be enalbed at runtime using the command
# "CONFIG SET latency-monitor-threshold <milliseconds>" if needed.
latency-monitor-threshold 0

############################# Event notification ##############################

# Redis can notify Pub/Sub clients about events happening in the key space.
# This feature is documented at http://redis.io/topics/notifications
#
# For instance if keyspace events notification is enabled, and a client
# performs a DEL operation on key "foo" stored in the Database 0, two
# messages will be published via Pub/Sub:
#
# PUBLISH __keyspace@0__:foo del
# PUBLISH __keyevent@0__:del foo
#
# It is possible to select the events that Redis will notify among a set
# of classes. Every class is identified by a single character:
#
#  K     Keyspace events, published with __keyspace@<db>__ prefix.
#  E     Keyevent events, published with __keyevent@<db>__ prefix.
#  g     Generic commands (non-type specific) like DEL, EXPIRE, RENAME, ...
#  $     String commands
#  l     List commands
#  s     Set commands
#  h     Hash commands
#  z     Sorted set commands
#  x     Expired events (events generated every time a key expires)
#  e     Evicted events (events generated when a key is evicted for maxmemory)
#  A     Alias for g$lshzxe, so that the "AKE" string means all the events.
#
#  The "notify-keyspace-events" takes as argument a string that is composed
#  of zero or multiple characters. The empty string means that notifications
#  are disabled.
#
#  Example: to enable list and generic events, from the point of view of the
#           event name, use:
#
#  notify-keyspace-events Elg
#
#  Example 2: to get the stream of the expired keys subscribing to channel
#             name __keyevent@0__:expired use:
#
#  notify-keyspace-events Ex
#
#  By default all notifications are disabled because most users don't need
#  this feature and the feature has some overhead. Note that if you don't
#  specify at least one of K or E, no events will be delivered.
notify-keyspace-events ""

############################### ADVANCED CONFIG ###############################

# Hashes are encoded using a memory efficient data structure when they have a
# small number of entries, and the biggest entry does not exceed a given
# threshold. These thresholds can be configured using the following directives.
hash-max-ziplist-entries 512
hash-max-ziplist-value 64

# Similarly to hashes, small lists are also encoded in a special way in order
# to save a lot of space. The special representation is only used when
# you are under the following limits:
list-max-ziplist-entries 512
list-max-ziplist-value 64

# Sets have a special encoding in just one case: when a set is composed
# of just strings that happen to be integers in radix 10 in the range
# of 64 bit signed integers.
# The following configuration setting sets the limit in the size of the
# set in order to use this special memory saving encoding.
set-max-intset-entries 512

# Similarly to hashes and lists, sorted sets are also specially encoded in
# order to save a lot of space. This encoding is only used when the length and
# elements of a sorted set are below the following limits:
zset-max-ziplist-entries 128
zset-max-ziplist-value 64

# HyperLogLog sparse representation bytes limit. The limit includes the
# 16 bytes header. When an HyperLogLog using the sparse representation crosses
# this limit, it is converted into the dense representation.
#
# A value greater than 16000 is totally useless, since at that point the
# dense representation is more memory efficient.
#
# The suggested value is ~ 3000 in order to have the benefits of
# the space efficient encoding without slowing down too much PFADD,
# which is O(N) with the sparse encoding. The value can be raised to
# ~ 10000 when CPU is not a concern, but space is, and the data set is
# composed of many HyperLogLogs with cardinality in the 0 - 15000 range.
hll-sparse-max-bytes 3000

# Active rehashing uses 1 millisecond every 100 milliseconds of CPU time in
# order to help rehashing the main Redis hash table (the one mapping top-level
# keys to values). The hash table implementation Redis uses (see dict.c)
# performs a lazy rehashing: the more operation you run into a hash table
# that is rehashing, the more rehashing "steps" are performed, so if the
# server is idle the rehashing is never complete and some more memory is used
# by the hash table.
#
# The default is to use this millisecond 10 times every second in order to
# actively rehash the main dictionaries, freeing memory when possible.
#
# If unsure:
# use "activerehashing no" if you have hard latency requirements and it is
# not a good thing in your environment that Redis can reply from time to time
# to queries with 2 milliseconds delay.
#
# use "activerehashing yes" if you don't have such hard requirements but
# want to free memory asap when possible.
activerehashing yes

# The client output buffer limits can be used to force disconnection of clients
# that are not reading data from the server fast enough for some reason (a
# common reason is that a Pub/Sub client can't consume messages as fast as the
# publisher can produce them).
#
# The limit can be set differently for the three different classes of clients:
#
# normal -> normal clients including MONITOR clients
# slave  -> slave clients
# pubsub -> clients subscribed to at least one pubsub channel or pattern
#
# The syntax of every client-output-buffer-limit directive is the following:
#
# client-output-buffer-limit <class> <hard limit> <soft limit> <soft seconds>
#
# A client is immediately disconnected once the hard limit is reached, or if
# the soft limit is reached and remains reached for the specified number of
# seconds (continuously).
# So for instance if the hard limit is 32 megabytes and the soft limit is
# 16 megabytes / 10 seconds, the client will get disconnected immediately
# if the size of the output buffers reach 32 megabytes, but will also get
# disconnected if the client reaches 16 megabytes and continuously overcomes
# the limit for 10 seconds.
#
# By default normal clients are not limited because they don't receive data
# without asking (in a push way), but just after a request, so only
# asynchronous clients may create a scenario where data is requested faster
# than it can read.
#
# Instead there is a default limit for pubsub and slave clients, since
# subscribers and slaves receive data in a push fashion.
#
# Both the hard or the soft limit can be disabled by setting them to zero.
client-output-buffer-limit normal 0 0 0
client-output-buffer-limit slave 256mb 64mb 60
client-output-buffer-limit pubsub 32mb 8mb 60

# Redis calls an internal function to perform many background tasks, like
# closing connections of clients in timeout, purging expired keys that are
# never requested, and so forth.
#
# Not all tasks are performed with the same frequency, but Redis checks for
# tasks to perform according to the specified "hz" value.
#
# By default "hz" is set to 10. Raising the value will use more CPU when
# Redis is idle, but at the same time will make Redis more responsive when
# there are many keys expiring at the same time, and timeouts may be
# handled with more precision.
#
# The range is between 1 and 500, however a value over 100 is usually not
# a good idea. Most users should use the default of 10 and raise this up to
# 100 only in environments where very low latency is required.
hz 10

# When a child rewrites the AOF file, if the following option is enabled
# the file will be fsync-ed every 32 MB of data generated. This is useful
# in order to commit the file to the disk more incrementally and avoid
# big latency spikes.
aof-rewrite-incremental-fsync yes
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  • 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/duanxz/p/4702793.html
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