• MySQL数据库(2)----检索信息


      SELECT 语句的简化语法如下:

    SELECT  what to retrive
    FROM  table or tables
    WHERE  conditions that data must satisfy;

    1.在写SELECT语句的时候,需要先指定检索的内容,然后再加上一些可选的子句。

    (i)  FROM 子句通常是不可少的,但当不需要给出表名时,可以省略它。例如,下面这条查询语句只显示一些表达式的值。这些值计算并未涉及任何表,因此这里不需要FROM子句:

    mysql> SELECT 2+2,'Hello, World!',VERSION(),USER();
    +-----+---------------+-----------+----------------+
    | 2+2 | Hello, World! | VERSION() | USER()         |
    +-----+---------------+-----------+----------------+
    |   4 | Hello, World! | 5.6.31    | root@localhost |
    +-----+---------------+-----------+----------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    (ii) 当的确需要FROM子句来指定要从哪个表检索数据时,还需要指明要查看哪些列。

    SELECT语句最常见的一种形式是使用一个星号(*) 作为列说明符,代表"所有列"。下面这条查询语句将显示 student 表里的所有列:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM student;
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | name   | sex | student_id |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | Jim    | M   |          1 |
    | Tom    | M   |          2 |
    | Lily   | F   |          3 |
    | Lucy   | F   |          4 |
    | Travis | M   |          5 |
    | Steve  | M   |          6 |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    (iii)也可以把自己想要查看的那些列的名字列出来。例如,只想查看学生名字,则可以这样做:

    mysql> SELECT name FROM student;
    +--------+
    | name   |
    +--------+
    | Jim    |
    | Tom    |
    | Lily   |
    | Lucy   |
    | Travis |
    | Steve  |
    +--------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    (iv) 要列出多个列名,那么需要使用逗号把它们分隔开。下面这条语句等价于 SELECT * FROM student 语句,但它把各列的名字明确地列了出来:

    mysql> SELECT name,sex,student_id FROM student;
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | name   | sex | student_id |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | Jim    | M   |          1 |
    | Tom    | M   |          2 |
    | Lily   | F   |          3 |
    | Lucy   | F   |          4 |
    | Travis | M   |          5 |
    | Steve  | M   |          6 |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    也可以按照任意顺序列出列名:

    mysql> SELECT sex,student_id,name FROM student;
    +-----+------------+--------+
    | sex | student_id | name   |
    +-----+------------+--------+
    | M   |          1 | Jim    |
    | M   |          2 | Tom    |
    | F   |          3 | Lily   |
    | F   |          4 | Lucy   |
    | M   |          5 | Travis |
    | M   |          6 | Steve  |
    +-----+------------+--------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    2. 指定检索条件

    (i) 要想限制SELECT语句检索出来的行数,可以使用WHERE 子句,指定列值所必须满足的检索条件。例如,可以搜索某个范围内的数值:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE student_id > 3;
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | name   | sex | student_id |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | Lucy   | F   |          4 |
    | Travis | M   |          5 |
    | Steve  | M   |          6 |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    (ii)可以查找包含字符数据的字符串值。对于默认的字符集和排序方式,字符串的比较操作通常不区分大小写:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE sex='M';
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | name   | sex | student_id |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | Jim    | M   |          1 |
    | Tom    | M   |          2 |
    | Travis | M   |          5 |
    | Steve  | M   |          6 |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    (iii) 还可以查找组合值

    mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE sex='M' OR student_id > 3;
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | name   | sex | student_id |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | Jim    | M   |          1 |
    | Tom    | M   |          2 |
    | Lucy   | F   |          4 |
    | Travis | M   |          5 |
    | Steve  | M   |          6 |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

      WHERE 子句里的表达式允许使用算术运算符、比较运算符和逻辑运算符。在表达式里还可以使用括号。在运算时,可以使用常量、表列和函数调用。

    常用运算符如下:

    算术运算符
    运算符 含义
    + 加法
    - 减法
    * 乘法
    / 除法
    DIV 整除
    % 模运算(除法余数)
    比较运算符
    < 小于
    <= 小于等于(不大于)
    = 等于
    <=> 等于(可用于NULL值)
    <>或!= 不等于
    >= 大于等于(不小于)
    > 大于
       
    逻辑运算符
    AND 逻辑与
    OR 逻辑或
    XOR 逻辑异或
    NOT 逻辑非

    (iv)使用 IN() 运算符

    下面这两条语句效果等价:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE student_id=3 or student_id=4;
    +------+-----+------------+
    | name | sex | student_id |
    +------+-----+------------+
    | Lily | F   |          3 |
    | Lucy | F   |          4 |
    +------+-----+------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE student_id IN(3,4);
    +------+-----+------------+
    | name | sex | student_id |
    +------+-----+------------+
    | Lily | F   |          3 |
    | Lucy | F   |          4 |
    +------+-----+------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    (v) NUL值

      NULL值很特殊。其含义是“无值”或“未知值”,所以不能采用两个“已知值”的比较方式,将它与“已知值”进行比较。如果试图将NULL与常规的算术比较运算符一起使用,那么其结果将是未定的(undefined):

    mysql> SELECT NULL<0,NULL=0,NULL<> 0,NULL> 0;
    +--------+--------+----------+---------+
    | NULL<0 | NULL=0 | NULL<> 0 | NULL> 0 |
    +--------+--------+----------+---------+
    |   NULL |   NULL |     NULL |    NULL |
    +--------+--------+----------+---------+
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)

      事实上,也不能让NULL与其自身进行比较,因为两个“未知值”的比较结果是无法确定的:

    mysql> SELECT NULL=NULL,NULL<>NULL;
    +-----------+------------+
    | NULL=NULL | NULL<>NULL |
    +-----------+------------+
    |      NULL |       NULL |
    +-----------+------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

      如果需要测试某个值和NULL值是否相等,那么必须使用 IS NULL 或 IS NOT NULL,而不能使用 = , <> 或者 !=。 

      MySQL特有的 <=> 比较运算符可以用于 NULL 值与 NULL 值的比较:

    mysql> SELECT NULL <=> NULL;
    +---------------+
    | NULL <=> NULL |
    +---------------+
    |             1 |
    +---------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    3. 对查询结果进行排序

    (i)使用 ORDER BY 子句进行排序:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY name;
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | name   | sex | student_id |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | Jim    | M   |          1 |
    | Lily   | F   |          3 |
    | Lucy   | F   |          4 |
    | Steve  | M   |          6 |
    | Tom    | M   |          2 |
    | Travis | M   |          5 |
    +--------+-----+------------+

    (ii) ORDER BY 子句的排序方式是升序排列。在其中的列名后面加上关键字 ASC 或 DESC,可以指定是按照升序排列还是按照降序排列。如:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY name DESC;
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | name   | sex | student_id |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | Travis | M   |          5 |
    | Tom    | M   |          2 |
    | Steve  | M   |          6 |
    | Lucy   | F   |          4 |
    | Lily   | F   |          3 |
    | Jim    | M   |          1 |
    +--------+-----+------------+

    (iii) 可以对多列进行排列,而且每一列单独地按升序或降序排列:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY name DESC, student_id ASC;
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | name   | sex | student_id |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | Travis | M   |          5 |
    | Tom    | M   |          2 |
    | Steve  | M   |          6 |
    | Lucy   | F   |          4 |
    | Lily   | F   |          3 |
    | Jim    | M   |          1 |
    +--------+-----+------------+

    4.限制查询结果

    LIMIT n 子句限制输出的行数:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY name ASC LIMIT 3;
    +------+-----+------------+
    | name | sex | student_id |
    +------+-----+------------+
    | Jim  | M   |          1 |
    | Lily | F   |          3 |
    | Lucy | F   |          4 |
    +------+-----+------------+

    LIMIT还允许从查询结果的中间抽出部分行。此时需要指定两个值:第一个,给出从查询结果的开头部分跳过的行数目;第二个,需要返回的行数目:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM student LIMIT 3,2;
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | name   | sex | student_id |
    +--------+-----+------------+
    | Lucy   | F   |          4 |
    | Travis | M   |          5 |
    +--------+-----+------------+

    如果想从某个表里随机抽取一行或几行,那么可以联合使用 LIMIT 子句和 ORDER BY RAND() 子句:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1;
    +------+-----+------------+
    | name | sex | student_id |
    +------+-----+------------+
    | Lucy | F   |          4 |
    +------+-----+------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1;
    +------+-----+------------+
    | name | sex | student_id |
    +------+-----+------------+
    | Tom  | M   |          2 |
    +------+-----+------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    可以看到两次查询结果不同,这体现了随机性。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/dongling/p/5678875.html
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