• MockMVC


    MockMVC - 基于RESTful风格的SpringMVC的测试

    对于前后端分离的项目而言,无法直接从前端静态代码中测试接口的正确性,因此可以通过MockMVC来模拟HTTP请求。基于RESTful风格SpringMVC的测试,我们可以测试完整的Spring MVC流程,即从URL请求到控制器处理,再到视图渲染都可以测试。

    package test.example.controller;
    
    import com.DemoApplication;
    import com.example.entity.TbUser;
    import com.example.services.TbUserService;
    import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
    import org.junit.Assert;
    import org.junit.Before;
    import org.junit.Test;
    import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
    import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
    import org.springframework.mock.web.MockHttpSession;
    import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
    import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
    import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockHttpServletRequestBuilder;
    import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers;
    import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders;
    import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext;
    
    import java.sql.Date;
    import java.util.List;
    
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.post;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers.print;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;
    
    @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
    @SpringBootTest(classes = DemoApplication.class, webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.DEFINED_PORT)
    public class UserControllerTest {
        @Autowired
        WebApplicationContext webApplicationContext;
        MockMvc mockMvc;
        MockHttpSession session;
    
        @Autowired
        TbUserService tbUserService;
        String contextPath = "/spring-start";
    
        @Before
        public void setupMockMvc() {
            mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(webApplicationContext).build(); //初始化MockMvc对象
            session = new MockHttpSession();
            session.setAttribute("user", "101");
        }
    
        @Test
        public void getUsers() {
            List<TbUser> userList = tbUserService.queryPage(1, 10);
            Assert.assertTrue("not empty", userList.size() > 0);
        }
    
        @Test
        public void queryUsersTest() throws Exception {
            {
                String url = "/users";
                MockHttpServletRequestBuilder requestBuilder =
                        get(url).param("page", "1")
                                .param("size", "10");
    
                mockMvc.perform(requestBuilder).andExpect(status().isOk()).andDo(print());
    
            }
    
        }
    
        @Test
        public void getUserListTest() throws Exception {
            String url = "/user/list";
            MockHttpServletRequestBuilder requestBuilder =
                    get(url).param("page", "0")
                            .param("size", "10").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8).accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8);
            mockMvc.perform(requestBuilder).andDo(print());
        }
    
    
        @Test
        public void createUserTest() throws Exception {
    
            ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
    
            TbUser tbUser = new TbUser();
            tbUser.setUserName("mock username");
            tbUser.setUserSex("2");
    
            tbUser.setUserBirthday(Date.valueOf("1991-12-12"));
            tbUser.setUserEmail("cdchencw@126.com");
            tbUser.setUserEdu("4");
            tbUser.setUserTelephone("13211335451");
    
            tbUser.setUserAddress("湖北省武汉市");
    
            String json = mapper.writeValueAsString(tbUser);
    
    
            String url = "/user/create";
            MockHttpServletRequestBuilder requestBuilder = post(url).content(json)
                    .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8).accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8);
            mockMvc.perform(requestBuilder)
                    .andExpect(status().is(200))
                    .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8))
                    .andDo(print()).andReturn();
    
    
        }
    
    
    }
    

      

    快速入门-这个方法中包含了大多数的常见情况:

        @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
        @SpringBootTest
        @AutoConfigureMockMvc
        public class CourseControllerTest {
    
            @Autowired
            private MockMvc mockMvc;
    
            //ObjectMapper是一个可以重复使用的对象
            @Autowired
            private ObjectMapper mapper;
    
            @Test
            public void courseListTest() throws Exception{
                mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/course"))
                    .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk());
            }
    
            @Test
            public void createTest() throws Exception{
                String json = "{"name":"Mock测试","classHour":"4课时","id":"rn:practice:Course:5af27fa5d34f435e581e5bbf"}";
                //将json格式字符串转换成Course对象里的属性值
                Course course = mapper.readValue(json,Course.class);
                //perform,执行一个RequestBuilders请求,会自动执行SpringMVC的流程并映射到相应的控制器执行处理
                mockMvc.perform(
                        //构造一个post请求
                        MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/course")
                        .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8)
                        //使用writeValueAsString()方法来获取对象的JSON字符串表示
                        .content(mapper.writeValueAsString(course)))
                //andExpect,添加ResultMathcers验证规则,验证控制器执行完成后结果是否正确,【这是一个断言】
                .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().is(200))
    
                .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8))
    
                //假定返回的结果中,"name" 值为 "Mock测试2",如果不是的话,会抛出异常java.lang.AssertionError,并给出期望值和实际值
                .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath("$.name").value("Mock测试2"))
    
                //添加ResultHandler结果处理器,比如调试时 打印结果(print方法)到控制台
                .andDo(print())
    
                //返回相应的MvcResult
                .andReturn();
        }
    

    原理:

    一 MockMvcBuilder

    MockMvcBuilder是用来构造MockMvc的构造器,其主要有两个实现:StandaloneMockMvcBuilderDefaultMockMvcBuilder,分别对应两种测试方式,即独立安装和集成Web环境测试(此种方式并不会集成真正的web环境,而是通过相应的Mock API进行模拟测试,无须启动服务器)。对于我们来说直接使用静态工厂MockMvcBuilders创建即可。

    1.集成Web环境方式

    MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(WebApplicationContext context):指定WebApplicationContext,将会从该上下文获取相应的控制器并得到相应的MockMvc;
    
    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
    @ContextConfiguration("classpath:config/IncotermsRestServiceTest-context.xml")
    @WebAppConfiguration
    public class IncotermsRestServiceTest {
        @Autowired
        private WebApplicationContext wac;
        private MockMvc mockMvc;
        @Before
        public void setup() {
            this.mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(this.wac).build();   //构造MockMvc
        }
        ...
    }
    
    注意:
        (1)@WebAppConfiguration:测试环境使用,用来表示测试环境使用的ApplicationContext将是WebApplicationContext类型的;value指定web应用的根;
        (2)通过@Autowired WebApplicationContext wac:注入web环境的ApplicationContext容器;
        (3)然后通过MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build()创建一个MockMvc进行测试;
    

    2.独立测试方式

    MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(Object... controllers):通过参数指定一组控制器,这样就不需要从上下文获取了;
    public class PricingExportResultsRestServiceTest {
        @InjectMocks
        private PricingExportResultsRestService pricingExportResultsRestService;
        @Mock
        private ExportRateScheduleService exportRateScheduleService;
        @Mock
        private PricingUrlProvider pricingUrlProvider;
        private MockMvc mockMvc;
        @Before
        public void setup() {
            MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
            mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(pricingExportResultsRestService).build();  //构造MockMvc
        }
        ...
    }
    
    主要是两个步骤:
    (1)首先自己创建相应的控制器,注入相应的依赖
    (2)通过MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup模拟一个Mvc测试环境,通过build得到一个MockMvc
    

    二 MockMvc

    先看一个测试例子1:

      @Test
        public void createIncotermSuccess() throws Exception {
            IncotermTo createdIncoterm = new IncotermTo();
            createdIncoterm.setId(new IncotermId(UUID.fromString("6305ff33-295e-11e5-ae37-54ee7534021a")));
            createdIncoterm.setCode("EXW");
            createdIncoterm.setDescription("code exw");
            createdIncoterm.setLocationQualifier(LocationQualifier.DEPARTURE);
    when(inventoryService.create(any(IncotermTo.class))).thenReturn(createdIncoterm);   mockMvc.perform(post("/secured/resources/incoterms/create").accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
                    .content("{"code" : "EXW", "description" : "code exw", "locationQualifier" : "DEPARTURE"}".getBytes()))
                    //.andDo(print())
                    .andExpect(status().isOk())
                    .andExpect(jsonPath("id.value").exists())
                    .andExpect(jsonPath("id.value").value("6305ff33-295e-11e5-ae37-54ee7534021a"))
                    .andExpect(jsonPath("code").value("EXW"));
        }
    
    perform:执行一个RequestBuilder请求,会自动执行SpringMVC的流程并映射到相应的控制器执行处理;
    andExpect:添加ResultMatcher验证规则,验证控制器执行完成后结果是否正确;
    andDo:添加ResultHandler结果处理器,比如调试时打印结果到控制台;
    andReturn:最后返回相应的MvcResult;然后进行自定义验证/进行下一步的异步处理;
    

    看一个具体的例子2:

    @Test  
    public void testView() throws Exception {  
        MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/1"))  
                .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.view().name("user/view"))  
                .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().attributeExists("user"))  
                .andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print())  
                .andReturn();  
        Assert.assertNotNull(result.getModelAndView().getModel().get("user"));  
    }  
    

    整个过程:

    1. mockMvc.perform执行一个请求;
    2. MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/1")构造一个请求
    3. ResultActions.andExpect添加执行完成后的断言
    4. ResultActions.andDo添加一个结果处理器,表示要对结果做点什么事情,比如此处使用MockMvcResultHandlers.print()输出整个响应结果信息。
    5. ResultActions.andReturn表示执行完成后返回相应的结果。

    整个测试过程非常有规律:

    1. 准备测试环境
    2. 通过MockMvc执行请求
    3. 添加验证断言
      3.1 添加结果处理器
      3.2 得到MvcResult进行自定义断言/进行下一步的异步请求
    4. 卸载测试环境

    三 RequestBuilder/MockMvcRequestBuilders

    从名字可以看出,RequestBuilder用来构建请求的,其提供了一个方法buildRequest(ServletContext servletContext)用于构建MockHttpServletRequest;其主要有两个子类MockHttpServletRequestBuilderMockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder(如文件上传使用),即用来Mock客户端请求需要的所有数据。

    1.MockMvcRequestBuilders主要API

    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder get(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):根据uri模板和uri变量值得到一个GET请求方式的MockHttpServletRequestBuilder;如get(/user/{id}, 1L);
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder post(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):同get类似,但是是POST方法;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder put(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):同get类似,但是是PUT方法;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder delete(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables) :同get类似,但是是DELETE方法;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder options(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):同get类似,但是是OPTIONS方法;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder request(HttpMethod httpMethod, String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables): 提供自己的Http请求方法及uri模板和uri变量,如上API都是委托给这个API;
    
    MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder fileUpload(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):提供文件上传方式的请求,得到MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder;
    
    RequestBuilder asyncDispatch(final MvcResult mvcResult):创建一个从启动异步处理的请求的MvcResult进行异步分派的RequestBuilder;
    

    2.MockHttpServletRequestBuilder和MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder API

    (1)MockHttpServletRequestBuilder API

    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder header(String name, Object... values)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder headers(HttpHeaders httpHeaders):添加头信息;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder contentType(MediaType mediaType):指定请求的contentType头信息;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder accept(MediaType... mediaTypes)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder accept(String... mediaTypes):指定请求的Accept头信息;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder content(byte[] content)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder content(String content):指定请求Body体内容;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder cookie(Cookie... cookies):指定请求的Cookie;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder locale(Locale locale):指定请求的Locale;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder characterEncoding(String encoding):指定请求字符编码;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder requestAttr(String name, Object value) :设置请求属性数据;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder sessionAttr(String name, Object value)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder sessionAttrs(Map<string, object=""> sessionAttributes):设置请求session属性数据;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder flashAttr(String name, Object value)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder flashAttrs(Map<string, object=""> flashAttributes):指定请求的flash信息,比如重定向后的属性信息;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder session(MockHttpSession session) :指定请求的Session;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder principal(Principal principal) :指定请求的Principal;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder contextPath(String contextPath) :指定请求的上下文路径,必须以“/”开头,且不能以“/”结尾;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder pathInfo(String pathInfo) :请求的路径信息,必须以“/”开头;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder secure(boolean secure):请求是否使用安全通道;
    
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder with(RequestPostProcessor postProcessor):请求的后处理器,用于自定义一些请求处理的扩展点;
    

    (2)MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder

    继承自MockHttpServletRequestBuilder,又提供了如下API
    MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder file(String name, byte[] content)/MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder file(MockMultipartFile file):指定要上传的文件;
    

    四 ResultActions

    调用MockMvc.perform(RequestBuilder requestBuilder)后将得到ResultActions,通过ResultActions完成如下三件事:
    ResultActions andExpect(ResultMatcher matcher) :添加验证断言来判断执行请求后的结果是否是预期的;
    ResultActions andDo(ResultHandler handler) :添加结果处理器,用于对验证成功后执行的动作,如输出下请求/结果信息用于调试;
    MvcResult andReturn() :返回验证成功后的MvcResult;用于自定义验证/下一步的异步处理;
    

    五 ResultMatcher/MockMvcResultMatchers

    1.ResultMatcher用来匹配执行完请求后的结果验证,其就一个match(MvcResult result)断言方法,如果匹配失败将抛出相应的异常;spring mvc测试框架提供了很多***ResultMatchers来满足测试需求。注意这些***ResultMatchers并不是ResultMatcher的子类,而是返回ResultMatcher实例的。Spring mvc测试框架为了测试方便提供了MockMvcResultMatchers静态工厂方法方便操作;
    

    2.具体的API如下:

    HandlerResultMatchers handler():请求的Handler验证器,比如验证处理器类型/方法名;此处的Handler其实就是处理请求的控制器;
    
    RequestResultMatchers request():得到RequestResultMatchers验证器;
    
    ModelResultMatchers model():得到模型验证器;
    
    ViewResultMatchers view():得到视图验证器;
    
    FlashAttributeResultMatchers flash():得到Flash属性验证;
    
    StatusResultMatchers status():得到响应状态验证器;
    
    HeaderResultMatchers header():得到响应Header验证器;
    
    CookieResultMatchers cookie():得到响应Cookie验证器;
    
    ContentResultMatchers content():得到响应内容验证器;
    
    JsonPathResultMatchers jsonPath(String expression, Object ... args)/ResultMatcher jsonPath  (String expression, Matcher matcher):得到Json表达式验证器;
    
    XpathResultMatchers xpath(String expression, Object... args)/XpathResultMatchers xpath(String expression, Map<string, string=""> namespaces, Object... args):得到Xpath表达式验证器;
    
    ResultMatcher forwardedUrl(final String expectedUrl):验证处理完请求后转发的url(绝对匹配);
    
    ResultMatcher forwardedUrlPattern(final String urlPattern):验证处理完请求后转发的url(Ant风格模式匹配,@since spring4);
    
    ResultMatcher redirectedUrl(final String expectedUrl):验证处理完请求后重定向的url(绝对匹配);
    
    ResultMatcher redirectedUrlPattern(final String expectedUrl):验证处理完请求后重定向的url(Ant风格模式匹配,@since spring4)
    

    六 一些常用的测试

    1.测试普通控制器

    mockMvc.perform(get("/user/{id}", 1)) //执行请求  
            .andExpect(model().attributeExists("user")) //验证存储模型数据  
            .andExpect(view().name("user/view")) //验证viewName  
            .andExpect(forwardedUrl("/WEB-INF/jsp/user/view.jsp"))//验证视图渲染时forward到的jsp  
            .andExpect(status().isOk())//验证状态码  
            .andDo(print()); //输出MvcResult到控制台
    

    2.得到MvcResult自定义验证

    MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/user/{id}", 1))//执行请求  
            .andReturn(); //返回MvcResult  
    Assert.assertNotNull(result.getModelAndView().getModel().get("user")); //自定义断言   
    

    3.验证请求参数绑定到模型数据及Flash属性

    mockMvc.perform(post("/user").param("name", "zhang")) //执行传递参数的POST请求(也可以post("/user?name=zhang"))  
                .andExpect(handler().handlerType(UserController.class)) //验证执行的控制器类型  
                .andExpect(handler().methodName("create")) //验证执行的控制器方法名  
                .andExpect(model().hasNoErrors()) //验证页面没有错误  
                .andExpect(flash().attributeExists("success")) //验证存在flash属性  
                .andExpect(view().name("redirect:/user")); //验证视图  
    

    4.文件上传

    byte[] bytes = new byte[] {1, 2};  
    mockMvc.perform(fileUpload("/user/{id}/icon", 1L).file("icon", bytes)) //执行文件上传  
            .andExpect(model().attribute("icon", bytes)) //验证属性相等性  
            .andExpect(view().name("success")); //验证视图  
    

    5.JSON请求/响应验证

    String requestBody = "{"id":1, "name":"zhang"}";  
        mockMvc.perform(post("/user")  
                .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).content(requestBody)  
                .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) //执行请求  
                .andExpect(content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) //验证响应contentType  
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.id").value(1)); //使用Json path验证JSON 请参考http://goessner.net/articles/JsonPath/   
        String errorBody = "{id:1, name:zhang}";  
        MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(post("/user")  
                .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).content(errorBody)  
                .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) //执行请求  
                .andExpect(status().isBadRequest()) //400错误请求  
                .andReturn();   
        Assert.assertTrue(HttpMessageNotReadableException.class.isAssignableFrom(result.getResolvedException().getClass()));//错误的请求内容体
    

    6.异步测试

    //Callable  
    MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/user/async1?id=1&name=zhang")) //执行请求  
            .andExpect(request().asyncStarted())  
            .andExpect(request().asyncResult(CoreMatchers.instanceOf(User.class))) //默认会等10秒超时  
            .andReturn();  
        
    mockMvc.perform(asyncDispatch(result))  
            .andExpect(status().isOk())  
            .andExpect(content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))  
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.id").value(1));  
    

    7.全局配置

    mockMvc = webAppContextSetup(wac)  
            .defaultRequest(get("/user/1").requestAttr("default", true)) //默认请求 如果其是Mergeable类型的,会自动合并的哦mockMvc.perform中的RequestBuilder  
            .alwaysDo(print())  //默认每次执行请求后都做的动作  
            .alwaysExpect(request().attribute("default", true)) //默认每次执行后进行验证的断言  
            .build();  
      
    mockMvc.perform(get("/user/1"))  
            .andExpect(model().attributeExists("user"));  
  • 相关阅读:
    牛儿
    Tarjan算法
    There&nbsp;is&nbsp;no&nbsp;resul…
    Struts2+JQuery+Json登陆实例
    struts2+jquery+easyui+datagrid+j…
    Spring:JdbcTemplate使用指南
    使用Spring的jdbcTemplate进一步简…
    JDBC连接MySQL数据库及示例
    PLSQL导入/导出数据方法
    PLSQ创建用户L
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/cdchencw/p/12369455.html
Copyright © 2020-2023  润新知