• 数据库 设计 和多表查询


    #1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的
    
    #2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等
    
    #3、为何要分组呢?
        取每个部门的最高工资
        取每个部门的员工数
        取男人数和女人数
    
    小窍门:‘每’这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据
    
    
    #4、大前提:
        可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数
    复制代码
    复制代码
    单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
        SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
        注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数
    
    GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
        SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
        SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;
    
    GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
        select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
    复制代码

    聚合函数

    复制代码
    #强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组
    
    示例:
        SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
        SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
        SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
    复制代码

    HAVING过滤

    having用于分组之后的条件查询

    限制查询的记录数:LIMIT

    复制代码
    示例:
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
            LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 
        
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
            LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
    
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
            LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
    复制代码

     使用正则表达式查询

    复制代码
    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale';
    
    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
    
    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}';
    
    
    小结:对字符串匹配的方式
    WHERE name = 'egon';
    WHERE name LIKE 'yua%';
    WHERE name REGEXP 'on$'
    复制代码

    多表查询

    多表连接查询

    #重点:外链接语法
    
    SELECT 字段列表
        FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
        ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;

    交叉连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积

    复制代码
    mysql> select * from employee,department;
    +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
    | id | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
    +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
    |  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
    |  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  201 | 人力资源     |
    |  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  202 | 销售         |
    |  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  203 | 运营         |
    |  2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |  200 | 技术         |
    |  2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
    |  2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |  202 | 销售         |
    |  2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |  203 | 运营         |
    |  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |  200 | 技术         |
    |  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
    |  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |  202 | 销售         |
    |  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |  203 | 运营         |
    |  4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |  200 | 技术         |
    |  4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |  201 | 人力资源     |
    |  4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
    |  4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |  203 | 运营         |
    |  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
    |  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |  201 | 人力资源     |
    |  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |  202 | 销售         |
    |  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |  203 | 运营         |
    |  6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 |  200 | 技术         |
    |  6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 |  201 | 人力资源     |
    |  6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 |  202 | 销售         |
    |  6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 |  203 | 运营         |
    +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
    复制代码

    内连接:只连接匹配的行

    复制代码
    #找两张表共有的部分,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果
    #department没有204这个部门,因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
    mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; 
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
    | id | name      | age  | sex    | name         |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
    |  1 | egon      |   18 | male   | 技术         |
    |  2 | alex      |   48 | female | 人力资源     |
    |  3 | wupeiqi   |   38 | male   | 人力资源     |
    |  4 | yuanhao   |   28 | female | 销售         |
    |  5 | liwenzhou |   18 | male   | 技术         |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
    
    #上述sql等同于
    mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
    复制代码

    外链接之左连接:优先显示左表全部记录

    复制代码
    #以左表为准,即找出所有员工信息,当然包括没有部门的员工
    #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果
    mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
    +----+------------+--------------+
    | id | name       | depart_name  |
    +----+------------+--------------+
    |  1 | egon       | 技术         |
    |  5 | liwenzhou  | 技术         |
    |  2 | alex       | 人力资源     |
    |  3 | wupeiqi    | 人力资源     |
    |  4 | yuanhao    | 销售         |
    |  6 | jingliyang | NULL         |
    +----+------------+--------------+
    复制代码

    外链接之右连接:优先显示右表全部记录

    复制代码
    #以右表为准,即找出所有部门信息,包括没有员工的部门
    #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果
    mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
    +------+-----------+--------------+
    | id   | name      | depart_name  |
    +------+-----------+--------------+
    |    1 | egon      | 技术         |
    |    2 | alex      | 人力资源     |
    |    3 | wupeiqi   | 人力资源     |
    |    4 | yuanhao   | 销售         |
    |    5 | liwenzhou | 技术         |
    | NULL | NULL      | 运营         |
    +------+-----------+--------------+
    复制代码

    全外连接:显示左右两个表全部记录

    复制代码
    全外连接:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
    #注意:mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
    #强调:mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
    select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
    union
    select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
    ;
    #查看结果
    +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
    | id   | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
    +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
    |    1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
    |    5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
    |    2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
    |    3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
    |    4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
    |    6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 | NULL | NULL         |
    | NULL | NULL       | NULL   | NULL |   NULL |  203 | 运营         |
    +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
    
    #注意 union与union all的区别:union会去掉相同的纪录
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    符合条件连接查询

    复制代码
    #示例1:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
    select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department
        on employee.dep_id = department.id
        where age > 25;
    
    #示例2:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且以age字段的升序方式显示
    select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
        where employee.dep_id = department.id
        and age > 25
        order by age asc;
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    子查询

    #1:子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
    #2:内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
    #3:子查询中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
    #4:还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等

    带IN关键字的子查询

    复制代码
    #查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
    select id,name from department
        where id in 
            (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
    
    #查看技术部员工姓名
    select name from employee
        where dep_id in 
            (select id from department where name='技术');
    
    #查看不足1人的部门名
    select name from department
        where id in 
            (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having count(id) <=1);
    复制代码

    带比较运算符的子查询

    复制代码
    #比较运算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
    #查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
    mysql> select name,age from emp where age > (select avg(age) from emp);
    +---------+------+
    | name | age |
    +---------+------+
    | alex | 48 |
    | wupeiqi | 38 |
    +---------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    
    #查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
    select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1
    inner join 
    (select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2
    on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
    where t1.age > t2.avg_age;
    复制代码

    带EXISTS关键字的子查询

    EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时,内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。
    而是返回一个真假值。True或False
    当返回True时,外层查询语句将进行查询;当返回值为False时,外层查询语句不进行查询

    复制代码
    #department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture
    mysql> select * from employee
        ->     where exists
        ->         (select id from department where id=200);
    +----+------------+--------+------+--------+
    | id | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id |
    +----+------------+--------+------+--------+
    |  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |
    |  2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |
    |  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |
    |  4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |
    |  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |
    |  6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 |
    +----+------------+--------+------+--------+
    
    #department表中存在dept_id=205,False
    mysql> select * from employee
        ->     where exists
        ->         (select id from department where id=204);
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    复制代码

     约束条件

    约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样,都是可选参数

    作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
    主要分为:

    复制代码
    PRIMARY KEY (PK)    标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
    FOREIGN KEY (FK)    标识该字段为该表的外键
    NOT NULL    标识该字段不能为空
    UNIQUE KEY (UK)    标识该字段的值是唯一的
    AUTO_INCREMENT    标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
    DEFAULT    为该字段设置默认值
    
    UNSIGNED 无符号
    ZEROFILL 使用0填充
    复制代码

     not null与default

    是否可空,null表示空,非字符串
    not null - 不可空
    null - 可空

    默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值
    create table tb1(
    nid int not null defalut 2,
    num int not null
    )

    复制代码
    ==================not null====================
    mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默认可以插入空
    mysql> desc t1;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空
    
    
    mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空
    mysql> desc t2;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空
    ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value
    
    
    
    ==================default====================
    #设置id字段有默认值后,则无论id字段是null还是not null,都可以插入空,插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
    mysql> create table t3(id int default 1);
    mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1;
    复制代码

    unique

    复制代码
    ============设置唯一约束 UNIQUE===============
    方法一:
    create table department1(
    id int,
    name varchar(20) unique,
    comment varchar(100)
    );
    
    
    方法二:
    create table department2(
    id int,
    name varchar(20),
    comment varchar(100),
    constraint uk_name unique(name)
    );
    
    
    mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'
    复制代码
    复制代码
    create table service(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    host varchar(15) not null,
    port int not null,
    unique(host,port) #联合唯一
    );
    
    mysql> insert into service values
        -> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),
        -> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),
        -> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)
        -> ;
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80);
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'
    复制代码

    当一个字段被设置为not null和unique时,默认为主键

    primary key

    primary key字段的值不为空且唯一

    一个表中可以:

    单列做主键
    多列做主键(复合主键)

    但一个表内只能有一个主键primary key

    复制代码
    ============单列做主键===============
    #方法一:not null+unique
    create table department1(
    id int not null unique, #主键
    name varchar(20) not null unique,
    comment varchar(100)
    );
    
    mysql> desc department1;
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
    | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    #方法二:在某一个字段后用primary key
    create table department2(
    id int primary key, #主键
    name varchar(20),
    comment varchar(100)
    );
    
    mysql> desc department2;
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #方法三:在所有字段后单独定义primary key
    create table department3(
    id int,
    name varchar(20),
    comment varchar(100),
    constraint pk_name primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name
    
    mysql> desc department3;
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    rows in set (0.01 sec)
    复制代码
    复制代码
    ==================多列做主键================
    create table service(
    ip varchar(15),
    port char(5),
    service_name varchar(10) not null,
    primary key(ip,port)
    );
    
    
    mysql> desc service;
    +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into service values
        -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),
        -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')
        -> ;
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx');
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'
    复制代码
    //alter删除主键约束
    alter table t3 drop primary key;
    //alter添加主键约束
    alter table t3 add primary key(name, pwd);
    //alter 修改列为主键
    alter table t3 modify id int primary key;

    auto_increment

    约束字段为自动增长,被约束的字段必须同时被key约束

    复制代码
    #不指定id,则自动增长
    create table student(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
    );
    
    mysql> desc student;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |                |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    mysql> insert into student(name) values
        -> ('egon'),
        -> ('alex')
        -> ;
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 | egon | male |
    |  2 | alex | male |
    +----+------+------+
    
    
    #也可以指定id
    mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+--------+
    | id | name | sex    |
    +----+------+--------+
    |  1 | egon | male   |
    |  2 | alex | male   |
    |  4 | asb  | female |
    |  7 | wsb  | female |
    +----+------+--------+
    
    
    #对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
    mysql> delete from student;
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  8 | ysb  | male |
    +----+------+------+
    
    #应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
    mysql> truncate student;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 | egon | male |
    +----+------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    复制代码
    步长increment与起始偏移量offset:auto_increment_increment,auto_increment_offset

    foreign key

    员工信息表有三个字段:工号  姓名  部门

    公司有3个部门,但是有1个亿的员工,那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储,部门名字越长,越浪费

    解决方法:

    我们完全可以定义一个部门表

    然后让员工信息表关联该表,如何关联,即foreign key

    复制代码
    #表类型必须是innodb存储引擎,且被关联的字段,即references指定的另外一个表的字段,必须保证唯一
    create table department(
    id int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null
    )engine=innodb;
    
    #dpt_id外键,关联父表(department主键id),同步更新,同步删除
    create table employee(
    id int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    dpt_id int,
    constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id)
    references department(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade 
    )engine=innodb;
    
    
    #先往父表department中插入记录
    insert into department values
    (1,'欧德博爱技术有限事业部'),
    (2,'艾利克斯人力资源部'),
    (3,'销售部');
    
    
    #再往子表employee中插入记录
    insert into employee values
    (1,'egon',1),
    (2,'alex1',2),
    (3,'alex2',2),
    (4,'alex3',2),
    (5,'李坦克',3),
    (6,'刘飞机',3),
    (7,'张火箭',3),
    (8,'林子弹',3),
    (9,'加特林',3)
    ;
    
    
    #删父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着删
    mysql> delete from department where id=3;
    mysql> select * from employee;
    +----+-------+--------+
    | id | name  | dpt_id |
    +----+-------+--------+
    |  1 | egon  |      1 |
    |  2 | alex1 |      2 |
    |  3 | alex2 |      2 |
    |  4 | alex3 |      2 |
    +----+-------+--------+
    
    
    #更新父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着改
    mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2;
    mysql> select * from employee;
    +----+-------+--------+
    | id | name  | dpt_id |
    +----+-------+--------+
    |  1 | egon  |      1 |
    |  3 | alex2 |  22222 |
    |  4 | alex3 |  22222 |
    |  5 | alex1 |  22222 |
    +----+-------+--------+
    复制代码

    两张表之间的关系

    复制代码
    分析步骤:
    #1、先站在左表的角度去找
    是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id)
    
    #2、再站在右表的角度去找
    是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id)
    
    #3、总结:
    #多对一:
    如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表
    如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表
    
    #多对多
    如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系
    
    #一对一:
    如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可
    复制代码

    数据库设计

    1.概念
    1.有效存储数据
    2.满足用户的多种需求

    2.关系
    1-1 :最少需要1张表
    1-n :最少需要2张表
    n-n :最少需要3张表

    3.数据库三范式
    1.保证每列的原子性
    2.保证每列都与主键相关
    3.保证每列都和主键直接相关,而不能是间接相关
    三范式的详解:http://www.cnblogs.com/wangfengming/p/7929118.html

    索引

    1.概念:相当于书的目录,快速找到数据
    好处:可以帮助你提高查询效率,数据量越大越明显
    缺点: 新增和删除数据时,效率较低
    2.索引方法:
    1.hash 是以key-value 的形式进行索引存储
    2.BTree 是以二叉树方式进行索引存储。(默认存储索引类型)
    3.索引分类
    1. 普通索引 create INDEX name_index on person(name);
    2. 唯一索引 create unique INDEX name_age on person(name,age);
    3. 主键索引 alter table person MODIFY id int PRIMARY key;
    4. 组合索引 create unique INDEX name_age on person(name,age);
    5. 全文索引 full text :原理是分词查找

    创建 普通索引

    CREATE index aaa on ren(p_name)
    添加普通索引
    注意:index :表示索引 aaa:表示索引的别名, on:表示给哪个表添加索引  ren:表名称,(添加索引的字段,多个字段以","间隔)
    
    alter table ren add index aaa(p_name)

    创建 唯一索引

    CREATE UNIQUE index age on ren(p_age)
    添加唯一索引
    注意:unique index :表示唯一索引 aaa:表示索引的别名, on:表示给哪个表添加索引  ren:表名称,(添加索引的字段,多个字段以","间隔)

    创建 主键索引

    alter table 表名 add primary key(id);
    添加之间索引
    注意:主键索引只能有一个

    创建 组合索引 

    create index id_name on ren (id,name)
    添加组合索引
    注意: 如上创建组合索引之后,查询:
    id and name-- 使用索引
    id                -- 使用索引
    name           -- 不使用索引
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/QQ279366/p/8023671.html
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