OK,在前面的一系列博客里面,我整理过了Assert类下面常用的断言方法,比如assertEquals等等,但是org.junit.Assert类下还有一个方法也用来断言,而且更加强大。这就是我们这里要这里的:
Assert的AssertThat()方法和Hamcrest匹配器
1,断言抛出的异常
明显的,有的时候我们想测试我们的代码在某种情况下抛出异常。比如说对于无效输入,我们希望代码抛出IllegalArgumentException。前面我也已经说过了,可以使用Test注解的一个expected属性来遇见我们抛出的异常。代码如下:
package test.junit4test; import org.junit.Test; public class LinkinTest { @Test(expected=NullPointerException.class) public void test() { String str = null; System.out.println(str.toString()); } }
这是一种检查异常的简洁方式。但是有时候我们想更加具体的了解抛出的具体异常。考虑如下情景:现在我们除了想知道我们抛出的异常属于那种类型,我们还想检查抛出的异常中“message”中携带的信息。那么怎么办呢?
那么没办法,让我们返回到古老的try和catch吧。然后在catch块中我们来使用Assert类的assertThat()方法和强大的Hamcrest匹配器来处理吧。代码如下:
package test.junit4test; import org.hamcrest.Matchers; import org.junit.Assert; import org.junit.Test; public class LinkinTest { @Test public void test() { try { throw new Exception("吆西,这里应该抛出异常的呢。。。"); } catch (Exception e) { Assert.assertThat(e.getMessage(), Matchers.containsString("吆西")); } } }
2,现在让我们来认真的看下assertThat()和Hamcrest匹配器吧
Assert类的assertThat()方法源码:
public static <T> void assertThat(T actual, Matcher<? super T> matcher) {
assertThat("", actual, matcher);
}
上面的这个断言方法最后一个参数要传入一个matcher,这个方法是一个钩子,允许程序员自行扩展基本的断言,或者使用第三方的匹配器库。
使用Hamcrest要导入hamcrest-junit包的,注意这个包可不是junit4.12自带的那个hamcrest-core这个jar。
junit4.12自带hamcrest-core的依赖,我们来看下junit4.12的pom文件:
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId>
<artifactId>hamcrest-core</artifactId>
<version>1.3</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
OK,那我们现在导入hamcrest-junit包,项目中pom文件如下:
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.12</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId>
<artifactId>hamcrest-junit</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0.0</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
3,现在我们来看下Hamcrest的api
========================================================================================================================================================================================
A tour of common matchers
Hamcrest comes with a library of useful matchers. Here are some of the most important ones.
- Core
anything
- always matches, useful if you don't care what the object under test isdescribedAs
- decorator to adding custom failure descriptionis
- decorator to improve readability - see "Sugar", below
- Logical
allOf
- matches if all matchers match, short circuits (like Java &&)anyOf
- matches if any matchers match, short circuits (like Java ||)not
- matches if the wrapped matcher doesn't match and vice versa
- Object
equalTo
- test object equality using Object.equalshasToString
- test Object.toStringinstanceOf
, isCompatibleType
- test typenotNullValue
, nullValue
- test for nullsameInstance
- test object identity
- Beans
hasProperty
- test JavaBeans properties
- Collections
array
- test an array's elements against an array of matchershasEntry
, hasKey
, hasValue
-
test a map contains an entry, key or valuehasItem
, hasItems
- test a collection contains
elementshasItemInArray
- test an array contains an element
- Number
closeTo
- test floating point values are close to a given valuegreaterThan
, greaterThanOrEqualTo
, lessThan
, lessThanOrEqualTo
-
test ordering
- Text
equalToIgnoringCase
- test string equality ignoring caseequalToIgnoringWhiteSpace
- test string equality ignoring differences in runs of whitespacecontainsString
, endsWith
, startsWith
-
test string matching
========================================================================================================================================================================================
OK,下面我写了一个例子,让我们来看下Hamcrest匹配器的使用。
package org.linkinpark.junit.testjunit;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
public class LinkinTest
{
private Linkin linkin;
private Linkin linkin1;
private Linkin linkin2;
private List<Linkin> list = new ArrayList<>(3);
private Map<String, Linkin> map = new HashMap<>();
String[] strArray = { "1", "2" };
@Before
public void setUp()
{
linkin = new Linkin();
linkin1 = new Linkin();
linkin2 = linkin1;
list.add(linkin);
list.add(linkin1);
list.add(linkin2);
map.put("linkin", linkin);
map.put("linkin1", linkin1);
map.put("linkin2", linkin2);
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@Test
public void test() throws Exception
{
/******************* 对象相关方法 ********************************/
// equalTo:判断2个对象是否相等,使用Object.equals方法
assertThat(linkin1, Matchers.equalTo(linkin2));
// hasToString:判断一个对象的toString方法
assertThat(linkin, Matchers.hasToString("Linkin [name=null, age=null]"));
// instanceOf:判断对象是否为某个类的实例对象
assertThat(linkin, Matchers.instanceOf(Linkin.class));
// notNullValue,nullValue:判断对象是否为null值
assertThat(null, Matchers.nullValue());
assertThat(linkin, Matchers.notNullValue());
// sameInstance: 测试2个对象是否同一个实例
assertThat(linkin1, Matchers.sameInstance(linkin2));
/******************* javaBean相关方法 ****************************/
assertThat(linkin, Matchers.hasProperty("name"));
/******************* 集合相关方法 ********************************/
assertThat(strArray, Matchers.array(Matchers.equalTo("1"), Matchers.equalTo("2")));
// hasEntry, hasKey, hasValue:测试一个Map包含一个实体,键或者值
assertThat(map, Matchers.hasEntry("linkin", linkin));
assertThat(map, Matchers.hasKey("linkin"));
assertThat(map, Matchers.hasValue(linkin));
// hasItem, hasItems:测试一个集合包含一个元素
assertThat(list, Matchers.hasItem(linkin));
assertThat(list, Matchers.hasItems(linkin, linkin1));
// hasItemInArray:测试一个数组包含一个元素
assertThat(strArray, Matchers.hasItemInArray("1"));
// in:测试一个对象在一个集合中
assertThat(linkin, Matchers.in(list));
/******************* 数字相关方法 ********************************/
// closeTo:测试浮点值接近给定的值
assertThat(1.5, Matchers.closeTo(1.0, 0.6));
// greaterThan, greaterThanOrEqualTo, lessThan, lessThanOrEqualTo:测试大于,小于
assertThat(1.0, Matchers.greaterThan(0.5));
assertThat(1.5, Matchers.lessThanOrEqualTo(1.5));
/******************* 文本相关方法 ********************************/
// equalToIgnoringCase:测试字符串相等忽略大小写
assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.equalToIgnoringCase("linkinpark"));
// equalToIgnoringWhiteSpace:测试字符串忽略空白
assertThat(" LinkinPark111", Matchers.equalToIgnoringWhiteSpace("LinkinPark111"));
// containsString, endsWith, startsWith:测试字符串匹配
assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.containsString("Lin"));
assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.startsWith("Lin"));
assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.endsWith("Park"));
/******************* 逻辑相关方法 ********************************/
// allOf:如果所有匹配器都匹配才匹配
assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.allOf(Matchers.endsWith("Park"), Matchers.startsWith("Lin")));
// anyOf:如果任何匹配器匹配就匹配
assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.anyOf(Matchers.endsWith("P22ark"), Matchers.notNullValue()));
// not:如果包装的匹配器不匹配器时匹配,反之亦然
assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.not(Matchers.endsWith("P22ark")));
// is:如果包装的匹配器匹配器时匹配,反之亦然
assertThat(linkin1, Matchers.is(linkin2));
assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.is(Matchers.endsWith("Park")));
}
}
关于上面的代码解释一下,就代码的可读性来说,我没有静态导入Matchers类下的所有方法,所以代码充斥着大量的该类打点。这里只是我第一次使用Hamcrest匹配器,所以方便我自己调方法才这么写的。以后如果经常用到一些类的静态方法的话那么建议大家都静态导出。比如说使用Assert类调用它里面那些静态方法就应该静态导入。
4,扩展Hamcrest的Matcher接口自定义匹配器。
如果内置的断言或者Hamcrest匹配器不足以表达我们的意图的时候,我们可以自己来扩展。我们自己实现自己的匹配器,要实现Hamcrest的Matcher接口。
这里我举个例子,现在我自定义一个匹配器,来检验一个字符串必须包含“Linkin”这个字符串,代码如下:
package org.linkinpark.junit.testjunit;
import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
import org.hamcrest.Description;
import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
public class LinkinTest
{
@Test
public void test() throws Exception
{
Assert.assertThat("LinkinPark", isLinkinStr());
}
public Matcher<String> isLinkinStr()
{
return new BaseMatcher<String>()
{
@Override
public boolean matches(Object item)
{
if (!(item instanceof String))
{
return false;
}
return ((String) item).contains("Linkin");
}
@Override
public void describeTo(Description description)
{
description.appendText("字符串必须包含Linkin这个单词。。。");
}
};
}
}
OK,junit窗口绿条没问题,如果一个字符串不包含“Linkin”这个单词,那么测试就会报错,我们来看下junit窗口下的显示情况。
Assert类的assertThat()方法源码:
public static <T> void assertThat(T actual, Matcher<? super T> matcher) { assertThat("", actual, matcher); }
上面的这个断言方法最后一个参数要传入一个matcher,这个方法是一个钩子,允许程序员自行扩展基本的断言,或者使用第三方的匹配器库。
使用Hamcrest要导入hamcrest-junit包的,注意这个包可不是junit4.12自带的那个hamcrest-core这个jar。<dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId> <artifactId>hamcrest-core</artifactId> <version>1.3</version> </dependency> </dependencies>
<dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>junit</groupId> <artifactId>junit</artifactId> <version>4.12</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId> <artifactId>hamcrest-junit</artifactId> <version>2.0.0.0</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> </dependencies>
3,现在我们来看下Hamcrest的api
A tour of common matchers
Hamcrest comes with a library of useful matchers. Here are some of the most important ones.
- Core
anything
- always matches, useful if you don't care what the object under test isdescribedAs
- decorator to adding custom failure descriptionis
- decorator to improve readability - see "Sugar", below
- Logical
allOf
- matches if all matchers match, short circuits (like Java &&)anyOf
- matches if any matchers match, short circuits (like Java ||)not
- matches if the wrapped matcher doesn't match and vice versa
- Object
equalTo
- test object equality using Object.equalshasToString
- test Object.toStringinstanceOf
,isCompatibleType
- test typenotNullValue
,nullValue
- test for nullsameInstance
- test object identity
- Beans
hasProperty
- test JavaBeans properties
- Collections
array
- test an array's elements against an array of matchershasEntry
,hasKey
,hasValue
- test a map contains an entry, key or valuehasItem
,hasItems
- test a collection contains elementshasItemInArray
- test an array contains an element
- Number
closeTo
- test floating point values are close to a given valuegreaterThan
,greaterThanOrEqualTo
,lessThan
,lessThanOrEqualTo
- test ordering
- Text
equalToIgnoringCase
- test string equality ignoring caseequalToIgnoringWhiteSpace
- test string equality ignoring differences in runs of whitespacecontainsString
,endsWith
,startsWith
- test string matching
OK,下面我写了一个例子,让我们来看下Hamcrest匹配器的使用。
package org.linkinpark.junit.testjunit; import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import org.hamcrest.Matchers; import org.junit.Before; import org.junit.Test; public class LinkinTest { private Linkin linkin; private Linkin linkin1; private Linkin linkin2; private List<Linkin> list = new ArrayList<>(3); private Map<String, Linkin> map = new HashMap<>(); String[] strArray = { "1", "2" }; @Before public void setUp() { linkin = new Linkin(); linkin1 = new Linkin(); linkin2 = linkin1; list.add(linkin); list.add(linkin1); list.add(linkin2); map.put("linkin", linkin); map.put("linkin1", linkin1); map.put("linkin2", linkin2); } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") @Test public void test() throws Exception { /******************* 对象相关方法 ********************************/ // equalTo:判断2个对象是否相等,使用Object.equals方法 assertThat(linkin1, Matchers.equalTo(linkin2)); // hasToString:判断一个对象的toString方法 assertThat(linkin, Matchers.hasToString("Linkin [name=null, age=null]")); // instanceOf:判断对象是否为某个类的实例对象 assertThat(linkin, Matchers.instanceOf(Linkin.class)); // notNullValue,nullValue:判断对象是否为null值 assertThat(null, Matchers.nullValue()); assertThat(linkin, Matchers.notNullValue()); // sameInstance: 测试2个对象是否同一个实例 assertThat(linkin1, Matchers.sameInstance(linkin2)); /******************* javaBean相关方法 ****************************/ assertThat(linkin, Matchers.hasProperty("name")); /******************* 集合相关方法 ********************************/ assertThat(strArray, Matchers.array(Matchers.equalTo("1"), Matchers.equalTo("2"))); // hasEntry, hasKey, hasValue:测试一个Map包含一个实体,键或者值 assertThat(map, Matchers.hasEntry("linkin", linkin)); assertThat(map, Matchers.hasKey("linkin")); assertThat(map, Matchers.hasValue(linkin)); // hasItem, hasItems:测试一个集合包含一个元素 assertThat(list, Matchers.hasItem(linkin)); assertThat(list, Matchers.hasItems(linkin, linkin1)); // hasItemInArray:测试一个数组包含一个元素 assertThat(strArray, Matchers.hasItemInArray("1")); // in:测试一个对象在一个集合中 assertThat(linkin, Matchers.in(list)); /******************* 数字相关方法 ********************************/ // closeTo:测试浮点值接近给定的值 assertThat(1.5, Matchers.closeTo(1.0, 0.6)); // greaterThan, greaterThanOrEqualTo, lessThan, lessThanOrEqualTo:测试大于,小于 assertThat(1.0, Matchers.greaterThan(0.5)); assertThat(1.5, Matchers.lessThanOrEqualTo(1.5)); /******************* 文本相关方法 ********************************/ // equalToIgnoringCase:测试字符串相等忽略大小写 assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.equalToIgnoringCase("linkinpark")); // equalToIgnoringWhiteSpace:测试字符串忽略空白 assertThat(" LinkinPark111", Matchers.equalToIgnoringWhiteSpace("LinkinPark111")); // containsString, endsWith, startsWith:测试字符串匹配 assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.containsString("Lin")); assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.startsWith("Lin")); assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.endsWith("Park")); /******************* 逻辑相关方法 ********************************/ // allOf:如果所有匹配器都匹配才匹配 assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.allOf(Matchers.endsWith("Park"), Matchers.startsWith("Lin"))); // anyOf:如果任何匹配器匹配就匹配 assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.anyOf(Matchers.endsWith("P22ark"), Matchers.notNullValue())); // not:如果包装的匹配器不匹配器时匹配,反之亦然 assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.not(Matchers.endsWith("P22ark"))); // is:如果包装的匹配器匹配器时匹配,反之亦然 assertThat(linkin1, Matchers.is(linkin2)); assertThat("LinkinPark", Matchers.is(Matchers.endsWith("Park"))); } }
关于上面的代码解释一下,就代码的可读性来说,我没有静态导入Matchers类下的所有方法,所以代码充斥着大量的该类打点。这里只是我第一次使用Hamcrest匹配器,所以方便我自己调方法才这么写的。以后如果经常用到一些类的静态方法的话那么建议大家都静态导出。比如说使用Assert类调用它里面那些静态方法就应该静态导入。
package org.linkinpark.junit.testjunit; import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher; import org.hamcrest.Description; import org.hamcrest.Matcher; import org.junit.Assert; import org.junit.Test; public class LinkinTest { @Test public void test() throws Exception { Assert.assertThat("LinkinPark", isLinkinStr()); } public Matcher<String> isLinkinStr() { return new BaseMatcher<String>() { @Override public boolean matches(Object item) { if (!(item instanceof String)) { return false; } return ((String) item).contains("Linkin"); } @Override public void describeTo(Description description) { description.appendText("字符串必须包含Linkin这个单词。。。"); } }; } }
OK,junit窗口绿条没问题,如果一个字符串不包含“Linkin”这个单词,那么测试就会报错,我们来看下junit窗口下的显示情况。
OK,实际编码中一般不会自己来创建自己的匹配器,了解下好了。下一篇我开始整理junit4X的规则和运行器。